include: (i) the development of mantra meditation from the ancient Indian context to the
contemporary one; (ii) a detailed outline of the theoretical foundation of Mantra Meditation,
rooted in the ancient Indian medicine system called “Ayurveda”; (iii) the process of Mantra
Meditation; (iv) a comparison of Transcendental Meditation (TM), a contemporary form of
mantra meditation with Mindfulness Meditation; (v) a comparison of mantra meditation with
psychodynamic theories of psychotherapy; and (vi) guidelines for integrating mantra meditation
in traditional psychodynamic psychotherapy with the help of a case example. The final chapter
concludes with a discussion about the responsible use of mantra meditation in psychotherapy, and
limitations of the thesis and its potential contributions to the field of psychotherapy.
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Abstract: Hatha-Yoga has become increasingly popular in western countries as a method for
coping with stress. However, little is known about the physiological and psychological effects of
yoga practice. We measured heart rate, blood pressure, the hormones cortisol, prolactin and
growth hormone and certain psychological parameters in a yoga practicing group and a control
group of young female volunteers reading in a comfortable position during the experimental
period. There were no substantial differences between the groups concerning endocrine
parameters and blood pressure. The course of heart rate was significantly different, the yoga
group had a decrease during the yoga practice. Significant differences between both groups were
found in psychological parameters. In the personality inventory the yoga group showed markedly
higher scores in life satisfaction and lower scores in excitability, aggressiveness, openness,
emotionality and somatic complaints. Significant differences could also be observed concerning
coping with stress and the mood at the end of the experiment. The yoga group had significant
higher scores in high spirits and extravertedness.
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