Abstract: Objective: To conceptualize the essence of the mind-body or mind-brain problem as
one of metaphysics rather than science, and to propose a formulation of the problem in the
context of current scientific knowledge and its limitations. Method and results: The background
and conceptual parameters of the mind-body problem are delineated, and the limitations of brain
research in formulating a solution identified. The problem is reformulated and stated in terms of
two propositions. These constitute a “double aspect theory.” Conclusions: The problem appears to
arise as a consequence of the conceptual limitations of the human mind, and hence remains
essentially a metaphysical one. A “double aspect theory” recognizes the essential unity of mind
and brain, while remaining consistent with the dualism inherent in human experience.
Schulte, H. J., and V. V. Abhyanker. Yogic breathing and psychologic states. Ariz Med, Sep
1979, 36(9):681-683.
Overview: “One of the authors (VVA) recently traveled to India and had the opportunity to
interview several well-known yogic masters regarding their use of yogic breating for selected
emotional disorders. The goal of this paper is to discuss the psychologic changes associated with
respiration controlled by the Yogic method. Two case examples will be presented with
discussion.”
Schultz, J. H. Autogenes Training und Yoga. In Wilhelm Bitter, ed., Abenländische Therapie
und östliche Weisheit. Stuttgart, 1967, pp. 165-181. [In German.]
Schwartz, Gary E., Richard J. Davison, and Daniel J. Goleman. Patterning of cognitive and
somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety: Effects of meditation versus exercise. In D. H.
Shapiro, and R. N. Walsh, eds., Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives. New York:
Aldine Publishing, 1984, pp. 572-579. Also in Psychosomatic Medicine, 1978, 40:321-328.
Schwartz, Joseph, and Margaret Arden. The Nature of Consciousness
and Its Relationship to Psychoanalysis workshop, London, April 2003. Sponsored by the
Scientific & Medical Network, Gloucestershire.
Joseph Schwartz, attachment-based psychoanalytic psychotherapist
Why Are We So Fussed About Consciousness?
Consciousness has been a prime research target for neuroscientists since the successes of the
molecular biology of the 1950s and 1960s. But has this produced anything of lasting value for our
understanding of human subjectivity?
Margaret Arden, psychoanalyst.
Mistaken Notions of Consciousness
We spend too much time inside favorite theories, with no recognition of the limitations of our
thinking; consciousness in particular eludes the assumptions of scientific theory. A holistic
approach makes it possible to accept awkward facts usually disregarded.
Scully, D., J. Kremer, M. M. Meade, R. Graham, and K. Dudgeon. Physical exercise and
psychological well-being: A critical review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Jun 1998,
32(2):111-120.
Seeman, William, Sanford Nidich, and Tomas Banta. Influence of TM on a measure of self-
actualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology, May 1972, 19(3):184-187.