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Abstract: There are two kinds of scientific questions about procedures such as yoga: ‘process’
questions and ‘outcome’ questions. Research on the effectiveness of yoga indicates that it has a
variety of beneficial effects, but there is more doubt about whether it has unique effects. A broad
range of procedures which combine physical stillness with mental alertness seem to have
comparable effects. More subtle questions arise concerning the ‘processes’ by which yoga
achieves its effects, and both mental and physical processes need to be investigated. Concerning
physical aspects, attention needs to be given to the under-explored effects of posture on states of
consciousness. Concerning mental aspects, the ‘focusing’ of consciousness is likely to be
important; an unusual aspect of many forms of yoga is the somatic focus of consciousness. Also
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for a research programme.
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