psychologypsychotherapy

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Bass, C., and W. N. Gardner. Emotional influences on breathing and breathlessness. Journal of
Psychosomatic Res., 1985, 29:599-609.


Bloch, S., M. Lemeignan, and N. Aguilera. Specific respiratory patterns distinguish among
basic emotions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1991, 11:141-154.


Brown, S., J. Birtwistle, L. Roe, and C. Thompson. The unhealthy lifestyle of people with
schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 1999, 29:697-701.


Cappo, B. M., and D. S. Holmes. The utility of prolonged respiratory exhalation for reducing
physiological and psychological arousal in non-threatening and threatening situations. Journal of
Psychosomatic Res., 1984, 28:265-273.


Christie, R. V. Some types of respiration in the neuroses. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 1935,
16:427-432.


Clark, D. M. Anxiety states. In K. Hawton, P. M. Salkovski, J. Kirk, and D. M. Clark, eds.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychiatric Problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 198,
pp. 52-96.


Clark, Walter Houston. Fear & terror in religious experience: A theoretical commentary.
Journal of Religion and Psychical Research, Apr 1980, 3:134ff.


Collingwood, T. R., and L. Willet. The effects of physical training upon self-concept and body
attitude. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1971, 27:411-412.


Cuthbert, Bruce N., Peter J. Lang, Cyd Strauss, David Drobes, Christopher Patrick J., and
Margaret M. Bradley. The psychophysiology of anxiety disorder: Fear memory imagery.
Psychophysiology, May 2003, 40(3):407-422. Peter Lang email: [email protected].


Abstract: Psychophysiological response to fear memory imagery was assessed in specific phobia,
social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
and healthy controls. Heart rate, skin conductance, and corrugator muscle were recorded as
participants responded to tone cues signaling previously memorized descriptor sentences. Image
contents included personal fears, social fears, fears of physical danger, and neutral (low arousal)
scenes. Reactions to acoustic startle probes (eyeblink) were assessed during recall imagery and
nonsignal periods. Participants were significantly more reactive (in physiology and report of
affect) to fear than neutral cues. Panic and PTSD patients were, however, less physiologically
responsive than specific phobics and the socially anxious. Panic and PTSD patients also reported
the most anxiety and mood symptoms, and were most frequently comorbidly depressed. Overall,
physiological reactivity to sentence memory cues was greatest in patients with focal fear of
specific objects or events, and reduced in patients characterized by generalized, high negative
affect.


Deshmukh, V. D. Limbic autonomic arousal: Its physiological classification and review of the
literature. Clinical Electroencephalography, 1991, 22(1):46-60.


Abstract; The object of this article is to present a novel physiological classification of Limbic-
Autonomic (LA) arousal on the basis of human physiological data, specifically the oro-nasal
breathing patterns in man. It is proposed that the multidimensional LA arousal can be classified

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