___. The principles of psychology of Zen. In D. H. Shapiro and R. N. Walsh, eds.,
Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Aldine, 1974, pp. 686-690.
___. Psychological Studies of Zen II. Tokyo: Komazawa University, 1977.
Alexander, Charles N., and E. J. Marks. Ego development, personality and behavioural change
in inmates practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique or participating in other programs:
A summary of cross-sectional and longitudinal results. Ph.D. dissertation summary (first author),
Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
USA. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1982, 43:539B. Also in R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements,
H. Schenkluhn, and M. Weinless, eds., Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation
Program: Collected Papers, Vol. 4. Vlodrop, The Netherlands: MIU Press, 1984.
From an article entitled “Researcher Profile: Charles Alexander” in the Summer 1997 issue of
Noetic Sciences Review, pp. 36-37: “Alexander’s dissertation explored the effects of introducing
TM into a prison population of violent offenders. As a developmental psychologist, he questioned
the assumption that normal psychological development—prematurely stunted in these inmates—
was permanently arrested. His study at Walpole prison in Massachusetts compared the effects of
learning and practicing TM with individual/group counseling and other prison programs. The
results showed that those in the TM group completed two full stages of standard developmental
measures during the three years of the study; in the nonmeditation control groups, such changes
were not seen. Follow-up studies at Folsom and San Quentin prisons showed similarly beneficial
effects. In practical terms, this meant that the members of the group practicing TM were less
angry, anxious, and had fewer psychotic symptoms. They often reported feelings of unity and
refinement of perception. The recidivism rate in this group went down by 40 percent; and the
overall in-prison murder rate dropped to zero during this period. Despite such radical benefits,
this work has not been incorporated into mainstream rehabilitation programs.”
___, J. L. Davies, C. Dixon, et al. Growth of higher stages of consciousness:
Maharishi’s Vedic psychology of human development. In C. N. Alexander and E. J. Langer, eds.,
Higher Stages of Human Development Perspectives on Adult Growth. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1990, pp. 286-341.
____, J. L. Davies, C. Dixon, R. Oetzel, M. Muehlman. The Vedic psychology of
human development: A theory of development of higher states of consciousness beyond formal
operations. In C. N. Alexander, E. Langer, and R. Oetzel, eds. Higher Stages of Human
Development: Adult Growth Beyond Formal Operation. New York: Oxford, 1986.
___, J. L. Davies, R. I. Newman, and H. M. Chandler. The effects of Transcendental
Meditation on cognitive and behavioural flexibility, health, and longevity in the elderly: An
experimental comparison of the Transcendental Meditation program, mindfulness training, and
relaxation. In R. A. Chalmers, G. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, and M. Weinless, eds., Scientific
Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program: Collected Papers, Vol. 4. Vlodrop, The
Netherlands: MIU Press, 1984.
___, D. Heaton, and H. N. Chandler. Advanced human development in the Vedic
psychology of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Theory and research. In M. Miller and S. Cook-Greuter,
eds., Transcendence and Mature Thought in Adulthood. Lanham, Md.: Roman and Littlefield,
1994.