Annex B
Technology review
According to the transhumanistic thinking model, the human is an incomplete creature
that can be shaped in the desired direction by making responsible use of science,
technology and other rational means.^53
Part 2 provided a simple overview of human augmentation technologies; to simplify the
publication, technologies were presented individually. In this annex, the technologies are
described in more detail using a different context. The technologies are discussed using
the three performance categories: physical, psychological and social. It is hoped that
this annex will provide the reader with a better understanding of the complex interplay of
the various technologies between each other and in different augmentation situations. It
shows which technologies are already in widespread use and describes expected future
developments.
Section 1 – Physical augmentation
Physical augmentation includes improvements to strength, speed, dexterity and stamina.
The exoskeleton, an external structure that supports the musculoskeletal system, is an
example. Other options include use of substances, for instance, anabolic drugs are a
known performance enhancer allowing individuals to train more efficiently, ultimately to
exceed their physical potential.
Exoskeletons
An exoskeleton is an external,
removable structure capable
of supporting the human
musculoskeletal system. The
goal is to increase strength
and load carrying capability,
improve endurance, as well
as preventing injuries. The
exoskeleton can be combined
with body armour for increased
protection. Exoskeletons can be
categorised as powered or passive (unpowered), if the frame is hard or soft, and whether
or not it covers the full body. Another category is energy scavenging exoskeletons
that use the movements of the body to harvest energy and recharge batteries. A light
version of the full body system is the lower extremity exoskeleton aiming at reducing the
loads on the knees as well as energy consumption during walking and running. There
has been significant interest in exoskeletons, mainly for therapy and mobility rather than
augmentation, but with some explicit military applications intended to reduce fatigue
53 Bostrom, N., (2003), The Journal of Value Inquiry, ‘Human genetic enhancements: a transhumanist
perspective’.