INDEX 487
Fluorescent resonance energy transfer
(FRET), 153, 222, 224, 232, 242,
290–291, 298
Footprinting, 242, 289–292, 291t, 300
Force fi elds, 119, 161–169, 174 –180
Free induction decay (FID), 110 –118,
112f, 113f, 115f
Franck-Condon principle, 25
Free radicals, 124, 248
Fuoss-Eigen equation, 12
g-value, see Electron paramagnetic
resonance spectroscopy (EPR)
Gallium (Ga), 7t, 11t, 173
Gas chromatography, see GC-MS
G-C pairs, 47, 49, 50f, 141, 247,
249, 251, 253, 253f, 263, 277,
294
GC-MS, 149, 158
Gel electrophoresis, 41– 43, 59, 62, 269,
272, 290, 298
Gel fi ltration chromatography, 40
Gene expression, 56–58
Gene regulation
zinc as a factor in, 4t
Genes
cloning, 29, 57, 58–61, 60f, 62
dsDNA, 55, 72–73, 141
exons, 58–59, 63, 239, 240, 240f,
244–246, 248, 253–260, 259t,
301
functions of, 58, 63–65
introns, 58–59, 63, 239–261, 240f,
248t, 259t, 301
ssDNA
Genetic engineering, 58, 62, 69
Genetic information, transmission of,
53–56
Genomics, 29–30, 61–63, 69
Geometric structures, metals in
biological systems, 4t, 5t, 6t, 6,
13–19
Glutamic acid, glutamate (Glu, E), 32f,
33f
as a ligand, 33f
calmodulin and, 308, 316, 322
cytochrome c oxidase and, 131, 429–
451, 433f–434f, 436f, 440f–442f,
451f, 454, 461
interaction with metal ions, 33f, 131,
231
potassium ion channels and, 231
Glutamine (Gln, Q), 31f, 58, 131
Glutathione (GSH), 429f
Glycine (Gly,G), 31f, 32, 56, 203, 215–
216, 230–231, 373
Glycosidic linkage, 47
GROMOS force fi eld, 174, 180, 188
Group I intron, 246f, 256f
base triple and, 244, 247, 249, 251,
252–253, 253f, 254f, 257, 259t, 261
cadmium (Cd) and, 242
exogenous guanosine, 240, 240f, 242,
244–245, 249, 259
exon-splicing mechanism, 240 –241,
240f, 245, 245f
G-dependent mechanism, 245, 245f
internal guide sequence (IGS), 240 –
241, 245, 246, 255, 256, 259
magnesium and, 239, 241–244, 248,
248f, 249, 254, 252–257, 256f,
258–259, 259t, 260f, 261
manganese and, 243, 250, 261
phosphorothioate metal rescue (PS-
rescue), 242–243, 250(^31) P NMR and, 231
prochiral phosphate (pro-R, pro-S),
243–244, 244f, 248t, 250, 257–
258, 259t
role of metal, 241–244
scissile phosphate, 250, 255, 257–261,
259t, 260f
SN2 mechanism, 258, 260, 260f
Te t ra hym e n a pre-rRNA, 238–242
transition state, 260f
wobble base, 240f, 246, 249, 256
X-ray crystallography, 241, 249, 252–
256, 256f, 260
GSH, see glutathione
Guanine (G), 47, 48t, 50f, 54, 55, 61, 67–
89, 73
metal binding to, 48t
Guanosine, 48t, 52f, 239
group I intron and, 240f, 244–261,
246f, 248t, 253f, 254f, 256f, 259t,
260f
hammerhead ribozyme and, 263, 267t,
270–271t, 277, 282f, 292, 298, 301