connections, and evaluate their credibility and effects on the reader. Such sophisticated analyses
begin at the earliest grades by asking text-dependent questions; these are questions “that can only
be answered by referring explicitly back to the text being read” (Student Achievement Partners 2013).
Importantly, these questions are not simply literal recall but include the full range of comprehension
(e.g., What does this story really mean? Why do you think so? How does the author let us know?).
Questions also address elements of vocabulary, text structure, rhetorical impact, and support for
arguments.
Beyond responding to text-dependent questions orally and in writing, students learn to present
evidence in their writing and oral presentations to support their arguments and demonstrate a clear
analysis of their reading and research. Tied to 21st century learning, students exercise their critical
thinking skills to sort through large quantities of information available via technology and determine
their credibility. Their aim is to cite evidence that is clear and logical and that argues powerfully for
their point of view. Figure 2.11 presents typical functions of text-dependent questions and a process
for developing them.
Figure 2.11. Text-Dependent QuestionsTypical text-dependent questions ask students to perform one or more of
the following tasks:- Analyze paragraphs on a sentence by sentence basis and sentences on a
word by word basis to determine the role played by individual paragraphs,
sentences, phrases, or words. - Investigate how meaning can be altered by changing key words and why an
author may have chosen one word over another. - Probe each argument in persuasive text, each idea in informational text, each
key detail in literary text, and observe how these build to a whole. - Examine how shifts in the direction of an argument or explanation are
achieved and the impact of those shifts. - Question why authors choose to begin and end when they do.
- Note and assess patterns of writing and what they achieve.
- Consider what the text leaves uncertain or unstated.
The following seven steps may be used for developing questions:
- Identify the core understandings and key ideas of the text.
- Start small to build confidence.
- Target vocabulary and text structure.
- Tackle tough sections head-on.
- Create coherent sequences of text-dependent questions.
- Identify the standards that are being addressed.
- Create the culminating assessment.
Source
Student Achievement Partners. 2013. “A Guide to Creating Text-Dependent Questions for Close Analytic
Reading.” Achieve the Core.
Essential Considerations Chapter 2 | 77