resistance is increased by a multiple factor depending on the speed of movement due to water's higher
density over air, which is about 800 times greater. Exercise in water has an added advantage that it can
provide a user selectable resistance to movements. In addition, water pressure on the legs assists in
circulation.
Water based exercise classes provide less joint stress not only for healthy individuals, but also for those
special populations affected by medical conditions such as arthritis, neck and back problems, strokes and
obesity. This type of aerobics also may be more acceptable for the self-conscious overweight exerciser.
Special populations should acquire a medical clearance before beginning any exercise program including
water-based-exercises. It is important to note that since gravity is not as much of a factor in water-based
exercise; it will not be as effective as land-based exercise in preserving bone density.
Cautions
Water-based exercise programs should be avoided by individuals who have the following:
- Compromised Respiratory Functions
- Severe Hypotension
- Bladder or vaginal Infections
- Any Infectious Diseases
- Chlorination Allergies
- Open or Unhealed Wounds
In addition, anyone who is apprehensive about being in water or has a fear of drowning should be
excluded from water-based exercise programs. The onset of panic can be quite fast and could cause
injury. It is important that those individuals who cannot swim be provided with adequate floatation devices.
Aqua Instructor Considerations
Water-based exercise classes may place a greater physical demand on the instructor. Your level of
energy expenditure in a water-based environment will certainly depend on how long you are actually
instructing while in the water. Chlorinated water, water cleanliness, sunlight (if outdoors) will all provide an
additional strain on the instructor over land-based indoor exercise classes. The chlorinated atmosphere
can produce an additional strain on the respiratory system and vocal chords of the instructor. This is
especially true of the instructor is doing many more classes a week than one would normally attend if just
a participant. Since everyone's sensitivities and stamina is different, it will be up to the instructor to
determine the maximum number of classes to teach per week to avoid overtraining and environmentally
induced abuse.
Teaching Style
There are two different styles used in teaching aqua exercise classes with advantages and disadvantages
for both. While some instructors will prefer a particular style, it is recommended that a combination of both
styles be used to facilitate the demonstration of the exercises as well as reduce the effective water
immersion time for the instructor. As in land-based classes, it is also sometimes advantageous for the
instructor to move around the class and provide individual coaching. Remember, the class is intended for
the participant's exercise time, not the instructor's.
Deck Teaching
This style provides the best instructional view for the participants with the least amount of effort for the
instructor. It also provides the instructor with a better view of the class participants and facilitates shorter
learning curve for the class participants. Remember that any move demonstrated should be slowed to
simulate the increased resistance of the water. Since participants will be watching the instructor at a
higher level, it is important to correct instances of neck hyperextension to avoid excess pressure on the
cervical disks. The instructor's position should not be limited to facing the class, but be optimized to
facilitate proper instruction.