Muhammad, the Qur'an and Islam
[17] Guillaume, Muhammad, pp. 201 f; Ibn Sa`d, Classes, vol. 1, 1,
pp. 255 f; Tabari, History, vol. 6, pp. 130 f.
[18] Guillaume, Muhammad, pp. 203 f; Ibn Sad, Classes, vol. 1, 1, pp. 256 f; Tabari, History, vol. 6, p. 136. The twelve are likened to the twelve leaders Moses chose from the Israelites and the twelve disciples of Jesus in Ibn Sad, which also anachronistically mentions Gabriel. Ibn Sad shows that there were some 500 Muslims among the Khazraj and theAws
at this time. The accounts of Ibn Hisham and Tabari speak of the Muslims
as having a qibla, however, the introduction of the qibla probably occurred
later in Medina.
[19] Sahih Bukhari, vol. 5, p. 152; vol. 7, p. 42; vol. 9, p. 155; Sahih
Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1298.
[20] Sahih Bukhari, vol. 7, p. 12.
[21] Sahih Bukhari, vol. 5, p. 152; vol. 7, pp. 50, 65; Sahih Muslim, vol.
2, pp. 715 f (one of these hadith show A'isha to have been seven years old); Sunan Abu Dawud, vol. 2, p. 569.A'isha is reported to have been 18
years old when the 63 year-old Muhammad died; Sahih Muslim, vol. 2, p.
716; vol. 4, p. 1253.
[22] Guillaume, Muhammad, pp. 212 f; Tabari, History, vol. 6, p. 139.
[23] Guillaume, Muhammad, p. 213.
[24] Tabari, History, vol. 6, pp. 137, 139.
[25] Nöldeke and Schwally, GQ, vol. 1, pp. 187, 214; Buhl, Muhammeds,
pp. 232 f. See also Watt in Tabari, History, vol. 6, p. xxiv. Muslim scholars
also place the revelation of the suras 8 and 22 in Medina; cf. EI², "Kur'an,"
p. 416; Suyuti, El-Itkan, vol. 1, pp. 4 f. Although 22:40 is thought to have
dated from the Hijra in one canonical hadith (cf. Suyuti, El-Itkan, vol. 1,
pp. 32 f), later Muslims recognize the passage as having been Medinan; cf.
Ali, Quran, vol. 2, p. 861, n. 2816. The debate over the translation of
²½¬c¤Ã as an active or passive (22:40), is not terribly important, since both
active and passive readings of this verse: "Permission is given those who
fight (or are fought against)..." indicate that the armed struggle between the
Meccans and emigrants had already begun. The attempt to place these