Appendix Dare mentioned together. Both of the names seem to have come from the
Syriac, and the Arabic name for Gabriel does not appear to pre-date
Muhammad; cf. Jeffery, Vocabulary, pp. 100 f, 275 f.
2:96 2:96 2:96 2:96 Solomon was not an unbeliever. Solomon was not an unbeliever. Solomon was not an unbeliever. Solomon was not an unbeliever.Speyer, Erzählungen, p. 389, shows as a Jewish source Shabbat 56b, which
states: "Whoever says that Solomon has sinned, he errs..."
2:96 2:96 2:96 2:96 Harut and Marut are two angels in Harut and Marut are two angels in Harut and Marut are two angels in Harut and Marut are two angels in
Babylon. Babylon. Babylon. Babylon.Horovitz, Untersuchungen, pp. 146 f. shows that Lagarde and Littmann
thought these to be the Haurvatat and Ameretat of the Avesta, whereas
Wensinck, based on Muhammad's tendency to make rhymed pairs of names
whereby only one of the pairs is traditional, held that "Marut" may be based
on the Syriac (="power"). The only close similarity to Jewish or Christians
sources may be found in the apocyrphal Enoch 7:1, where unnamed angels
are said to teach humans magic. Cf. Speyer, Erzählungen, pp. 388 f.; Jeffery,
Vocabulary, pp. 282 f.; Margoliouth, "Additions," JRAS, (1939), p. 61;
SEI, pp. 134 f.
2:118 2:118 2:118 2:118 Abraham was an "imam" and not an Abraham was an "imam" and not an Abraham was an "imam" and not an Abraham was an "imam" and not an
idolater.idolater.idolater.idolater.Speyer, Erzählungen, p. 130, believes that the mention of Abraham as an
"imam," in the sense of "religious leader" for humanity goes back to Gen.
12:3. Jewish legends which attempt to absolve Abraham of charges that he
may have been an idolater before believing on God, can be found in
Nedarim 32 (see SEI, p. 154). Cf. Ginzberg, Legends, vol. 1, pp. 188 f.
2:119f 2:119f 2:119f 2:119f Abraham and Ishmael to purify Allah's Abraham and Ishmael to purify Allah's Abraham and Ishmael to purify Allah's Abraham and Ishmael to purify Allah's
house [the Ka`ba]. house [the Ka`ba]. house [the Ka`ba]. house [the Ka`ba].That Muhammad regarded the Kaba as "Allah's house" can be inferred from even the earliest of the Qur'an's suras (106:3), however, the idea connecting Abraham and Ishmael with the Kaba are Medinan, and not
Meccan as one should expect. Whereas in Mecca Muhammad was not
aware that Abraham and Ishmael were even related (Cf. Qur'an 19:50;
11:72f; 29:26; 6:83f; Bell, Origins, p. 129; Horovitz, Untersuchungen, p.