issuhub.com

The Psychology of Gender 4th Edition

(Tuis.) #1

  • 1 Introduction BRIEF CONTENTS

  • 2 Methods and History of Gender Research

  • 3 Gender-Role Attitudes

  • 4 Sex-Related Comparisons: Observations

  • 5 Sex-Related Comparisons: Theory

  • 6 Achievement

  • 7 Communication

  • 8 Friendship

  • 9 Romantic Relationships

  • 10 Sex Differences in Health: Evidence and Explanations

  • 11 Relationships and Health

  • 12 Paid Worker Role and Health

  • 13 Mental Health

  • 1 Introduction Acknowledgments xxiii

    • Definition of Terms

    • Cultural Differences in the Construal of Gender

      • Cultures with Multiple Genders

      • Morocco

      • The Agta Negrito

      • Tahiti

      • Status and Culture



    • Philosophical and Political Issues Surrounding Gender

      • The Sex Difference Debate

      • Social Construction of Gender

      • Women’s Movements

      • Men’s Movements



    • A Note on Sexist Language

    • This Book’s Approach to the Study of Gender

    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 2 Methods andHistory ofGenderResearch

    • The Scientific Method

      • Correlational Study

      • Experimental Study

      • Field Experiment

      • Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Designs

      • Meta-Analysis



    • Difficulties in Conducting Research on Gender viii Contents

      • Experimenter Effects

      • Participant Effects

      • The Setting: Laboratory Versus Field

      • Variables Confounded with Sex

      • Situational Influences



    • History of the Psychology of Gender

      • 1894–1936: Sex Differences in Intelligence

      • 1936–1954: Masculinity–Femininity as a Global Personality Trait

      • 1954–1982: Sex Typing and Androgyny

      • 1982–Present: Gender as a Social Category



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 3 Gender-RoleAttitudes

    • Attitudes Toward Men’s and Women’s Roles

    • Affective Component: Sexism

      • Traditional Versus Modern Sexism

      • Hostile Versus Benevolent Sexism

      • Sexism Toward Men

      • Attitudes Toward Lesbians, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Persons



    • Cognitive Component: Gender-Role Stereotyping

      • What Is a Gender-Role Stereotype?

      • Components of Gender-Role Stereotypes

      • Subcategories of Gender-Role Stereotypes

      • Effects of Gender-Role Stereotypes

      • Altering Gender-Role Stereotypes

      • Do Stereotypes Reflect Reality?

      • What Is the Status of Stereotypes Today?



    • Behavioral Component: Sex Discrimination

    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 4 Sex-RelatedComparisons:Observations

    • Maccoby and Jacklin’s Psychology of Sex Differences

      • Meta-Analysis



    • Sex Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities

      • Spatial Ability

      • Mathematical Ability

      • Verbal Ability Contents ix

      • Comprehensive Assessment of Cognitive Abilities



    • Sex Comparisons in Social Domains

      • Empathy

      • Helping Behavior

      • Aggression

      • Sexuality

      • General Personality Attributes



    • Sex Comparisons in Moral Development

    • Sex Comparisons in Social Development

    • Sex Similarities Hypothesis Revisited

    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 5 Sex-RelatedComparisons:Theory

    • Biology

      • Genes

      • Hormones

      • The Brain

      • Psychobiosocial Models



    • Evolutionary Theory and Sociobiology

      • Sexual Behavior

      • Aggression

      • The Hunter-Gatherer Society

      • A Final Note



    • Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Social Learning Theory

      • Observational Learning or Modeling

      • Reinforcement



    • Gender-Role Socialization

      • The Influence of Parents

      • The Influence of Other People

      • Other Features of the Environment



    • Social Role Theory

    • Cognitive Development Theory

    • Gender Schema Theory

    • Considering the Context: Deaux and Major’s Model

      • Perceiver

      • Target

      • Situation



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions x Contents

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 6 Achievement

    • Individual Difference Factors

      • The Achievement Motive

      • Fear of Achievement

      • Self-Confidence

      • Response to Evaluative Feedback

      • Self-Esteem

      • Stereotype Threat

      • Conceptions of the Self

      • Attributions for Performance



    • Social Factors

      • Expectancy/Value Model of Achievement

      • The Influence of Parents

      • The Influence of Teachers



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 7 Communication

    • Interaction Styles in Childhood

      • Children’s Styles of Play

      • Girls’ Difficulty in Influencing Boys

      • Institutional Support



    • Interaction Styles in Adulthood

      • Qualifiers of Sex Differences

      • Implications of Interaction Styles for Performance



    • Language

      • Qualifiers of Sex Differences



    • Nonverbal Behavior

      • Smiling

      • Gazing

      • Interpersonal Sensitivity

      • Encoding

      • Touching



    • Leadership and Influenceability

      • Who Is Influenced?

      • Who Emerges as the Leader?

      • Leadership Styles Contents xi

      • Perception of Female and Male Leaders



    • Emotion

      • The Experience of Emotion

      • The Expression of Emotion

      • Physiological Measures of Emotion

      • Attributions for Emotion



    • Explanations for Sex Differences in Communication

      • Status Theory

      • Social Role Theory



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 8 Friendship

    • Network Size

    • The Nature of Friendship

      • Sex Differences

      • Sex Similarities



    • Closeness of Friendship

    • Self-Disclosure

      • Sex of Discloser

      • Sex of Recipient

      • Situational Variables



    • Barriers to Closeness in Male Friendship

      • Competition

      • Homophobia

      • Emotional Inexpressiveness



    • Conflict in Friendship

    • Cross-Sex Friendship

      • Comparisons to Same-Sex Friendship

      • Obstacles



    • Cross-Race Friendship

    • Friendships of Lesbians and Gay Men

    • Friendship at Work

    • Changes Over the Life Span

      • Early Adulthood: Marriage and Family

      • Late Adulthood: Retirement and Empty Nest



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 9 RomanticRelationships xii Contents

    • Relationship Development

      • Characteristics Desired in a Mate

      • Relationship Initiation



    • The Nature of Romantic Relationships

      • Intimacy

      • Love

      • Sexuality

      • Maintaining Relationships

      • Maintenance Strategies

      • Relationship Satisfaction



    • Conflict

      • Conflict Management

      • Demand/Withdraw Pattern

      • Jealousy



    • Cohabiting Relationships

      • Who Cohabits

      • Outcomes of Cohabitation



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms

    • Explanations 10 Sex Differences in Health: Evidence and

    • Sex Differences in Mortality

      • Life Span

      • Leading Causes of Death

      • Crime Statistics



    • Sex Differences in Morbidity

    • Explanations for Sex Differences in Health

    • Biology

      • Genes

      • Hormones

      • Immune System

      • Cardiovascular Reactivity



    • Artifacts

      • Socioeconomic Status

      • Physician Bias



    • Health Behaviors

      • Preventive Health Care

      • Smoking

      • Alcohol Contents xiii

      • Drugs

      • Overweight and Obesity

      • Exercise



    • Men’s and Women’s Social Roles

      • Job Characteristics

      • Driving

      • Risky Behavior

      • Concerns with Health

      • Nurturant Roles

      • Gender-Related Traits



    • Symptom Perception

      • Evidence

      • Explanations



    • Illness Behavior

      • Implications for Morbidity

      • Implications for Mortality



    • Conclusions

    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 11 Relationships andHealth

    • Effect of Social Support on Health

      • Sex Comparisons

      • Evidence: Relations to Health



    • Effect of Marriage on Health

      • Evidence

      • Explanations



    • Effect of Bereavement on Health

      • Evidence

      • Explanations



    • Effect of Relationship Dissolution on Health

      • Relationship Breakup

      • Explanations



    • Marital Transitions and Health

    • Effect of Marital Quality on Health

      • Evidence



    • Division of Labor

      • Who Does What?

      • What Determines Who Does What?

      • Satisfaction



    • Parenting and Health xiv Contents

      • Effects of the Parent Role on Health

      • Effect of Parenthood on Marriage



    • Intimate Partner Violence

      • Incidence

      • Characteristics of Perpetrator and Victim

      • Theories



    • Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Coercion

      • Definitions

      • Incidence

      • Rape Myths

      • Characteristics of Perpetrator

      • Characteristics of Victim

      • Theories



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • 12 PaidWorkerRole andHealth

    • Paid Worker Role

      • Women’s Employment

      • Effects on the Family

      • Retirement



    • Combining Paid Labor with Family Roles

      • Effects of the Paid Worker Role on Family Roles

      • Effects of Family Roles on the Paid Worker Role

      • Difficulties in Combining Roles



    • Quality of Paid Worker Role

      • Characteristics of Paid Work

      • Effects on Health



    • Discrimination

      • Pay Disparity

      • Denial of Discrimination



    • Sexual Harassment

      • Definitions

      • Incidence

      • Outcomes of Sexual Harassment

      • Characteristics of Perpetrator

      • Characteristics of Victim

      • Theories



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading Contents xv

    • Key Terms



  • 13 MentalHealth

    • Sex Differences in Depression

    • Methodological Artifacts

      • Clinician Bias

      • Response Bias

      • Different Manifestations of Depression



    • Theories of Depression

      • Biology

      • Learned Helplessness

      • Coping

      • Stressful Life Events

      • The Female Gender Role

      • Caregiving



    • Challenges of Adolescence

      • Gender Intensification

      • Puberty

      • Body Image



    • Adjustment to Chronic Illness

      • Male Gender Role

      • Female Gender Role



    • Eating Disorders

      • Definitions and Prevalence

      • Consequences

      • Etiology



    • Suicide

      • Incidence

      • Attempts

      • The Gender Paradox

      • Factors Associated with Suicide Among Adults

      • Factors Associated with Suicide Among Adolescents



    • Summary

    • Discussion Questions

    • Suggested Reading

    • Key Terms



  • References

  • Name Index

  • Subject Index

Free download pdf
Get our desktop app
Company
Features
Documentation
Resources
© ISSUHUB. 2024. All rights reserved.