The Psychology of Gender 4th Edition

182 Chapter 5

Spelke, E. S. (2005). Sex differences in intrin-

sic aptitude for mathematics and science?

A critical review.American Psychologist,

60 , 950–958.

(Classic) Whiting, B. B., & Edwards, C. P.

(1988).Children of different worlds.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-

cultural analysis of the behavior of

women and men: Implications for the

origins of sex differences.Psychological

Bulletin, 128, 699–727.

Key Terms

Androgens—Male sex hormones (e.g.,

testosterone).

Androgyny—Incorporation of both

traditionally masculine and traditionally

feminine qualities into one’s self-concept.

Behavioral confirmation—Process by

which a perceiver’s expectation actually

alters the target’s behavior so the

target comes to confirm the perceiver’s

expectancy.

Cognitive confirmation—Idea that

individuals see what they want to see.

Estrogens—Female sex hormones.

Gender aschematic—Someone who does

not use the gender category as a guiding

principle in behavior or as a way of

processing information about the world.

Gender constancy—Categorization of the

self as male or female and the realization

that this category cannot be changed.

Gender identity—Label determined by

biological sex that is applied either to the self

or other people.

Gender schematic—Someone who uses

the gender category as a guiding principle

in behavior and as a way of processing

information about the world.

Heterosexual script—Stereotypical

enactment of male and female roles in

romantic relationships.

Intersex conditions—Conditions in which

chromosomal sex does not correspond to

phenotypic sex or there is an inconsistency

within phenotypic sex.

Lateralization—Localization of an ability

(e.g., language) in one hemisphere of the brain.

Masculine mystique—Image of masculinity

upheld by society that consists of toughness,

dominance, emotional detachment,

callousness toward women, eagerness to

seek out danger, and competition.

Proactive aggression—Aggressive behavior

that is planned and generally socially

motivated.

Reactive aggression—Aggressive behavior

that takes the form of an angry, impulsive

response to threat or provocation.

Schema—Category that contains

information about the features of the

category as well as its associations with other

categories.

Self-monitoring—Variable that describes

the extent to which one is more concerned

with self-presentation or self-verification.

Self-presentation—Concern individuals

have with how their behavior appears to

others.

Self-verification—Concern individuals have

with behaving in ways consistent with their

self-concepts.

Social cognitive theory—States that

cognitive development is one factor in

gender-role acquisition, but there are social

influences as well.

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