Advanced Automotive Technology: Visions of a Super-Efficient Family Car

THE FEDERAL ROLE IN ADVANCED VEHICLE R&D:

Government-Funded R&D

                                               - Chapter

                                                  - OTA’S METHODS

                                            -

• DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY.
  
  
  • OVERVIEW OF RESULTS.
    
    
    • Technical Potential.
      
      
      • Commercialization Potential.
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Timing
    
    
    • DETAILED RESULTS.
      
      
      • Business as Usual.
      
      
      • Advanced Conventional.
      
      
      • Electric Vehicles.
        
        
        • Hybrid-Electric Vehicles.
        
        
        • Fuel Cell Vehicles.
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • PERFORMANCE AND COST OF OTHER TYPES OF LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
      
      
      • LIFECYCLE COSTS--WILL THEY OFFSET HIGHER PURCHASE PRICES?..............
      
      
      • EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE.
      
      
      • SAFETY OF LIGHTWEIGHT VEHICLES
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • A NOTE ABOUT COSTS AND PRICES.
      
      
      • CONCLUSIONS ABOUT TECHNOLOGY COST AND PERFORMANCE......
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • THE FEDERAL ROLE IN ADVANCED AUTO R&D
      
      
      • Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles.
      
      
      • U.S. COMPETITIVE POSITION.
        
        
        • Leapfrog Technologies.
        
        
        • Advanced Conventional Technology=.
        
        
        • U.S. R&D PROGRAM.
          
          
          • Key Budgetary Changes in FY 1996.
            
            
            • R&D Areas Likely to Require Increased Support in the Future.
            
            
            • Future Role of Federal R&D Programs.
            
            
            
            
          
          
          • Conclusions ABOUT R&D.
            
            
            • Table l- Box1-5:
              
              
              • Reducing Tractive Forces. .............. Table l-5:
              
              
              • Spark Ignition and Diesel Engines.
              
              
              • Battery Technologies.
              
              
              • Nonbattery Energy Storage: Ultracapacitors and Flywheels.
                
                
                • Series and Parallel Hybrids.
                  
                  
                  • What Happens to a Mid-Size Car in 2005?.
                  
                  
                  • What Happens to a Mid-Size Car in 2015?.
                  
                  
                  • Annual Fuel Costs for Alternative Vehicles.
                  
                  
                  • PNGV-Related FY 1995 Appropriations by Technical Area and Agency
                    
                    
                    • PNGV Budgetary Changes in FY 1996.
                    
                    
                    
                    
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                
                
              
              
              • Rolling contacts and lighter valvetrain.
              
              
              • Fewer-rings.............:...... .................
                
                
                • Lighter pistons. l
                
                
                • Coatings.
                
                
                • Improved oil pump.
                
                
                • Lubricants
                
                
                
                
              
              
              
              
            
            
            
            
          
          
          
          
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • Reducing Pumping Loss.
        
        
        • Intake manifold design.
        
        
        • Multiple valves.
        
        
        • Lean-burn
          
          
          • Variable valve timing.
          
          
          • Total effect.
          
          
          
          
        
        
        • DISC and Two-Stroke Engines.
          
          
          • Two-stroke engines.
          
          
          
          
        
        
        • Summary of Engine Technology Benefits.
        
        
        • Lean-NoX Catalysts
        
        
        • Price Effects of Engine Improvements and Advanced Engines.
        
        
        
        
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• DIESEL ENGINES.
  
  
  • Background.
  
  
  • Performance of New Diesel Engines ....
  
  
  • Prospects for the Diesel in the United States.
    
    
    • Variable geometry turbocharging.
    
    
    • The four-valve head/central injector.
    
    
    • Improved fuel infection.
    
    
    • Optimized exhaust gas recirculation (EGR).
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Direct Injection Diesel Price Effect.
  
  
  • ELECTRIC DRIVETRAIN TECHNOLOGIES.
    
    
    • Introduction
    
    
    • Battery Technology.
      
      
      • Requirements
      
      
      • Battery Characteristics.
        
        
        • Lead acid.
        
        
        • Alkaline Systems.
        
        
        • High-temperature batteries.
        
        
        • Lithium-Ion
        
        
        • Solid electrolyte batteries.
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • Bringing an Advanced Battery to Market.
      
      
      • Hybrid Batteries and High Power Requirements.
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Fuel Cell Technology.
      
      
      • Aluminum-Air and Zinc-Air Cells
      
      
      • PEM Fuel Cells.
      
      
      • Methanol Fuel Cells.
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Ultracapacitors and Flywheels.
    
    
    • Electric Motors .-
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • OTHER ENGINE AND FUEL TECHNOLOGIES.
    
    
    • Overview
    
    
    • ‘Hydrogen
      
      
      • Gas Turbine Engines.
      
      
      • StirlingEngines-.
      
      
      • Waste Heat Recovery.
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • IMPROVEMENTS TO AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS.
    
    
    • Torque converter improvements.
    
    
    • SCOPE.
      
      
      • A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE-- 197O-1995.
        
        
        • Reduced Oil Use.
        
        
        • Air Quality.
        
        
        • Perspectives on the Federal Role.
        
        
        • Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles.
        
        
        
        
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • OVERVIEW OF MAJOR ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE R&D PROGRAMS ................
      
      
      • United States.
        
        
        • Major Automotive R&D Programs in Federal Agencies.
          
          
          • Department of Commerce(DOC).
          
          
          • Department of Defense.
          
          
          • Department of Energy.
          
          
          • Department of Interior (DOI).
          
          
          • Department of Transportation(DOT).
          
          
          • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
          
          
          • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
          
          
          • National Science Foundation (NSF).
          
          
          
          
        
        
        • Collaborative Private-Sector R&D Activities.
          
          
          • United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR)................
          
          
          • Utilities.
          
          
          
          
        
        
        
        
      
      
      • European Union.
        
        
        • France
          
          
          • Government-Funded Programs.
          
          
          • Industry R&D.
          
          
          
          
        
        
        • Germany
          
          
          • Government-Funded Programs.
          
          
          • Industry R&D.
          
          
          
          
        
        
        • Sweden.
          
          
          • 
            
          
          
          • Industry R&D.
          
          
          
          
        
        
        • Japan.
          
          
          • Government-Funded R&D.
          
          
          • Industry R&D.
          
          
          
          
        
        
        
        
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • ANALYSIS OF ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE R&D PROGRAMS.
    
    
    • U.S. Competitive Status in Advanced Automotive Technologies ..
      
      
      • ‘Leapfrog’’ Technologies.
      
      
      • “Advanced Conventional” Technology=
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • U.S. R&D Program.
      
      
      • Key Budgetary Changes in FY 1996.
        
        
        • R&D Areas Likely to Require Increased Support.
          
          
          • Safety.
          
          
          • Infrastructure.
          
          
          • Standards
          
          
          • Life Cycle Materials Flows.
          
          
          
          
        
        
        • Future Role of Federal R&D Programs.
        
        
        
        
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • Conclusions
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• Box5-1: DOE’s Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program.


• Box5-2: The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles(PNGV).


• Box5-3: Federal Spending on Advanced Auto R&D.