TABLE 4-12: Series Hybrid Vehicle Efficiency1995 1995 2005(m) 2005(0) 2005(0) 2015(m) 2015(m) 2015(m)
Energy storage Lead acid Bipolar lead acid Bipolar lead acid UltraCapacitor Flywheel Bipolar lead acid Ultracapacitor Flywheel
Storage, specific power (W/kg) 125 300 ,500 2,000 1,500 500 2,000 1,500
Storage, specific energy (Wh/kg)^304245530501535
Storage, efficiency 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.93 0.93 0.85 0.93 0.95
Vehicle weight (kg) 2469.4 1385.1 1100.7 994.3 979.5 906.3 864.8 851.6
Engine peak power (kW) 75,3 44.7 36.7 33.7 33.3 31.2 30.0 29.7
Engine size, litres 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Storage, weight 795.7 1%.9 %.9 66.8 58.6 82.4 59.5 52.2
Storage, peak power (kW) 99.5 59.1 48.5 133.5 87.9 41.2 119.0 78.4
Storage energy (kWh) 23.9 8.3 4.4 0.3 1.8 4.1 0.9 1.8
Motor power (kW) 133.5 79.3 65.0 59.7 59.0 55.3 53.2 52.6
Drag coefficient 0.33 0.33 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25
Rolling resistance coefficient 0.0110 0.0110 0.0085 0.0080 0.0080 0.0070 0.0070 0.0070
Urban fuel economy (mpg) 21.5 32.7 43.7 55.9 56.4 59.2 65.9 67.7
Highway fuel economy (mpg) 29.5 41.2 56.1 67.5 67.9 74.6 78.9 80.1
Composite fuel economy (mpg) 24.5 36.1 48.5 60.6 61.1 65.3 71.2 72.8
Range as electric vehicle (miles) 83.9 40.4 28.2 2.4 12.8 32.7 5.4 11.2
Time at maximum power (minutes) 11.6 7.2 4.8 0.4 2.2 5.5 1.2 2.6
NOTE: Motor efficiency, urban = 82 percent; motor efficiency, highway = 90 percent.SOURCE: Office of Technology Assessment, adapted from Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., “Automotive Technologies To Improve Fuel Economy
to 2015,” prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, June 1995, p. 10-66.