Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

Solomons/SoloCh01 Cl P Cl Cl Cl Cl S F FF F F F B F FF N O O O H − + 1.7 FORMAL CHARGE 1.7A In normal covalent bond: Bonding el ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Singly bound oxygen atom: Atomic oxygen has six valence electrons. Singly bound oxygen has seven electrons. S ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 •• •• •• •• •• 12 becomes becomes 3 C O O O − − C OO O− C O − OO− − C O2/3− 2/3−OO2/3− C O OO C O O O C OO O 1 ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 4) The value of a wave function: phase sign 5) Reinforce: a crest meets a crest (waves of the same phase sign ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Figure 1.5 The shapes of some s and p orbitals. Pure, unhybridized p orbitals are almost-touching spheres. The ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 1.11 MOLECULAR ORBITALS 1.11A. Potential energy: Figure 1.7 The potential energy of the hydrogen molecule as a ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 place. electron probability density ⇒ atomic orbitals (AOs) 1.11C. Molecular Orbitals AOs combine (overlap) ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Figure 1.9 The overlapping of two hydrogen 1s atomic orbitals with opposite phase signs (indicated by their di ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 1.12 THE STRUCTURE OF METHANE AND ETHANE: sp^3 HYBRIDZATION Orbital hybridization: A mathematical approach th ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 The four sp^3 orbitals should be oriented at angles of 109.5° with respect to each other ⇒ an sp^3 -hybridize ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Figure 1.14 Formation of a C–H bond. 2) Overlap integral: a measure of the extent of overlap of orbitals on ne ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 calculations, the inner solid surface represents a region of high electron density. High electron density is f ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Figure 1.18 (a) In this structure of ethane, based on quantum mechanical calculations, the inner solid surface ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 1.13 THE STRUCTURE OF ETHENE (ETHYLENE): sp^2 HYBRIDZATION Figure 1.19 The structure and bond angles of ethene ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Figure 1.22 A model for the bonding molecular orbitals of ethane formed from two sp^2 -hybridized carbon atoms ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Figure 1.24 How two isolated carbon p orbitals combine to form two π (pi) molecular orbitals. The bonding MO i ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Maximum overlap between the p orbitals of a π bond occurs when the axes of the p orbitals are exactly paralle ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 3) Stereoisomers ⇒ differ only in the arrangement of their atoms in space. 4) If one carbon atom of the double ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Figure 1.26 A process for obtaining sp-hybridized carbon atoms. The sp hybrid orbitals have their large posit ...

Solomons/SoloCh01 Figure 1.29 (a) The structure of ethyne (acetylene) showing the sigma bond framework and a schematic depiction ...