Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

3.7B INDUCTIVE EFFECTS

1. The C—C bond of ethane is completely nonpolar:

H 3 C−CH 3 Ethane

The C−C bond is nonpolar.

2. The C—C bond of ethyl fluoride is polarized:

G+ G+ G−
H 3 C→−CH 2 →−F
2 1

1) C1 is more positive than C2 as a result of the electron-attracting ability of the

fluorine.

3. Inductive effect:
   
   
   1. Electron attracting (or electron withdrawing) inductive effect
   
   
   2. Electron donating (or electron releasing) inductive effect
   
   
   
   


4. Electrostatic potential map:
   
   
   1. The distribution of negative charge around the electronegative fluorine is
      evident.
   
   
   
   

Figure 3.4 Ethyl fluoride (fluoroethane): structure, dipole moment, and charge
distribution.