Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

8.1A CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOUBLE BOND:

1. An addition results in π bond and one σ bond into two σ
   bonds:

1. π bonds are weaker than that of σ binds ⇒ energetically favorable.

the conversion of one

CC + XY CC

X Y

σ bond 2 σ bonds

Bonds broken Bondformed

π bond

ophiles (electron-seeking reagents).

2. The electrons of the π bond are exposed ⇒ the π bond is particularly susceptible
   to electr

An electrostatic potential map for ethane The electron pair of the π bond is
shows the higher density of negative distributed throughout both lobes
charge in the region of the π bond. of the π molecular orbital.

2) Electrophiles

i) Positive reagents: protons (H+).

ii) Neutral reagents: bromine (because it can be polarized so that one end is

positive).

iii) Lewis acids: BF 3 and AlCl 3.

iv) Metal ions that contain vacant orbitals: the silver ion (Ag+), the mercuric ion

1) Electrophilic: electron-seeking.

include:

(Hg2+), and the platinum ion (Pt2+).