2) group or of one of the anhydride linkages of an
3) , these phosphates exist as negatively charged ions and hence are
- E s in which the energy
esters are especially important).
Although hydrolysis of the ester
alkyl triphosphate is exothermic, these reactions occur very slowly in aqueous
solutions.
Near pH 7
much less susceptible to nucleophilic attack ⇒ Alkyl triphosphates are relatively
stable compounds in the aqueous medium of a living cell.
nzymes are able to catalyze reactions of these triphosphate
made available when their anhydride linkages break helps the cell make other
chemical bonds.
H 2 O
Ester linkage
Anhydride
linkage
P slow
O
RO O
OH
P
O
OH
OP
O
OH
OH
ROH
P
O
RO O
OH
P
O
OH
OH
P
O
RO OH
OH
P
O
HO O
OH
P
O
OH
OP
O
OH
+ OH
HO P
O
OH
OP
O
OH
+ OH
HO P
O
OH
+ OH
1.12 CONVERSION OF ALCOHOLS INTO ALKYL HALIDES
- Alcohols react with a variety of reagents to yield alkyl halides.
1
1) Hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, or HI):
C
CH 3
OH
CH 3
H 3 C + HCl (concd)
oC
94% C + H^2 O
CH 3
Cl
CH 3
H 3 C
25
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH+HBr(concd) reflux CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Br
(95%)
