Glossary
- Grignard reagent -
- Ground state - In electrons, the state where they have the least energy. Electrons that
gain energy get ”excited” and leave the ground state, now able to do more work. Moving
electrons out of their ground state is a key part of photosynthesis, where plants create
sugar from the sun, carbon dioxide, and water.
131.8 H
- Halohydrin formation -
- Hammond postulate -
- Hemiacetal -
- Hemiaminal -
- Heterocycle - A cyclic molecule with more than 2 types of atoms as part of the ring. (e.g.
Furan, a 5-membered ring with four carbons and one oxygen, or a Pyran, a 6-membered
ring with five carbons and one oxygen) - HOMO - Acronym for Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital.
- Homolytic cleavage - Where bond breaks leaving each atom with one of the bonding
electrons, producing two radicals. - Hybrid orbital -
- Hydration - A chemical reaction in which a hydroxyl group (OH-) and a hydrogen cation
(an acidic proton) are added to the two carbon atoms bonded together in the carbon-
carbon double bond which makes up an alkene functional group. - Hybride shift -
- Hydroboration - A reaction adding BH 3 or B 2 H 6 or an alkylborane to an alkene to pro-
duce intermediate products consisting of 3 alkyl groups attached to a boron atom. This
molecule is then used in other reactions, for example, to create an alcohol by reacting it
with H 2 O 2 in a basic solution. - Hydrocarbon - A molecule consisting of hydrogens and carbons.
- Hydrogen bond -
- Hydrogenation - Addition of a hydrogen atoms to an alkene or alkane to produce a
saturated product. - Hydrophilic - literally, ”water loving”. In chemistry, these are molecules that are soluble
in water. - Hydrophobic - literally, ”water fearing”. In chemistry, molecules that aren’t soluble in
water. - Hydroxylation - A chemical process that introduces one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH)
into a compound (or radical) thereby oxidizing it.