Lubac, Henri de (1896–1991): French Jesuit theologian, patristic scholar,
and leading critic of neo-Thomism. His views led to the church silencing
him in the 1940s, though he was in effect vindicated after the Second Vatican
Council, when he was made cardinal.
Luther, Martin (1483–1546): German theologian, pastor, professor at the
University of Wittenberg, ex-monk, and founding ¿ gure of Protestantism. He
was known for his doctrine of justi¿ cation by faith alone and his insistence
on distinguishing between Law and Gospel.
Machen, J. Gresham (1881–1937): Presbyterian minister, New Testament
scholar and advocate for the Fundamentalist side of the Fundamentalist-
modernist controversy, most notably in his book Christianity and
Liberalism (1923).
Marcion (À. early 2nd century): Early Christian opponent of orthodoxy,
known for his sharp distinction between the good God and the God of
the Jews.
Maximus the Confessor (c. 580–662): Early Byzantine monk and theologian,
advocate of the orthodox view that Christ has two wills, divine and human.
Melanchthon, Philipp (1497–1560): German theologian, reformer, and
professor at the University of Wittenberg, Martin Luther’s colleague and
best friend, and principal author of The Augsburg Confession (1530), the
most important Lutheran confessional document.
Mencken, H. L. (1880–1956): Controversial American journalist and critic
renowned for his biting critiques of provincialism and prudery in American
society. His scathing portrayal of fundamentalists during the Scopes
“Monkey Trial” generated a cultural stereotype that persists to this day.
Molina, Luis de (1535–1600): Spanish Jesuit whose theology of free will
was opposed by the Dominican Thomists represented in the Congregatio de
Auxiliis debates.