Biographical Notes
Montanus (À. 2nd century): Founder of a “New Prophecy” in Phrygia (in
modern Turkey), which advocated stricter moral discipline—for example, no
remarriage of widows or widowers and the veiling of unmarried women—on
the basis of statements alleged to be made by the Holy Spirit through himself
and several followers.Moody, Dwight L. (1837–1899): The most prominent American Revivalist
of the second half of the 19th century, inÀ uencing and inÀ uenced by the
Keswick movement.Mullins, E. Y. (1860–1928): Southern Baptist pastor, professor, theologian,
denominational leader, and advocate of “soul competency.”Müntzer, Thomas (c. 1490–1525): A pastor and Luther’s former student
who became a leader in the Peasant Revolt of 1525, claiming authority from
the Spirit to preach the violent overthrow of the wicked in the end times.Nestorius (À. early 5th century): Archbishop of Constantinople who denied
that Mary was theotokos or Mother of God. His Christology was accused
of splitting Christ into “two sons” and was condemned at the ecumenical
Council of Ephesus 431.Origen (c. 185–254): Alexandrian theologian famous for his commentaries
and homilies on the scriptures, which established a long-lasting tradition of
Christian allegorical exegesis. Long after his death, his speculations about
the preexistence and the Fall were a cause of intense controversy and were
of¿ cially rejected by the church.Osiander, Andreas (1498–1552): Lutheran pastor, professor, and theologian,
in whose doctrine of justi¿ cation believers are united to the essential
righteousness of God. The forensic doctrine of justi¿ cation, developed as
both Reformed and Lutheran, rejected Osiander’s doctrine.Owen, John (1616–1683): English Puritan, classic advocate of the
high Calvinism represented by the Synod of Dordt and the Westminster
Confession, especially known for his defense of the doctrine of limited
atonement or “particular redemption,” as he called it.