Arabic: An Essential Grammar

َكوُخَأَو َكوُبَأ

1

اَبِكَر

2

يِف يِعَم

3

ِسْفَن

4

ىَلِإ ِةَلِفاَحـْل

5

. ِةَنيِدَمـْل ِطَسَو

(7)

abu ̄-ka wa-

ah

̆

u ̄-ka rakiba ̄ ma



• 
  

  ı

  
  

   fı
  
      -
  
         nafsi l-h
  
            ̇

  
  

a ̄filati

ila ̄ wasat

̇

i madı

• nati.

Your father and brother

1

travelled (

1

rode)

2

with me in

3

the same

4

bus to

the

5

centre of the city.

1

َكاَخَأَو َكاَبَأ ُتْذَخَأ

2

يِف يِعَم

3

. ِقو ُّ سل ىَلِإ يِتَرا َّيَس

(8)

ah

̆

ad

̄

tu

aba ̄-ka wa-

ah

̆

a ̄-ka ma



• 
  

  ı

  
  

   fı
  
      -
  
         sayya ̄ratı
  
            -
  
               
  
  
                  ila ̄ s-su ̄qi.

  
  

  1
  I took your father and brother
  2
  with me in
  3
  my car to the market.

  
  

1

ُتْحِرَف

2

. َكيِخَأَو َكيِبَأ ِةَدَهاَشُمِب

(9) farih

̇

tu bi-musˇa ̄hadati

abı--ka wa-

ah

̆

• ı-ka.

1

I was pleased

2

at seeing your father and brother.

1

َحَتَف

2

ُروُفْصُعْل

3

) ُهَراَقْنِم

3

( ُهَمَف

4

ِتَطَقَسَف

5

ىَلَع ُةَنْبُجـْل

6

ِضْرْ َلأ

اَهَلَكَأَف

7

.ُّ طِقْل

(10) fatah

̇

a l-



us

̇

fu ̄ru minqa ̄ra-hu (fama-hu) fa-saqat

̇

ati l-g ̆ubnatu



ala ̄ l-

ard

̇

i

fa-

akala-ha ̄ l-qit

̇

t

̇

u.

2

The bird

1

opened

3

its beak (mouth) and so

5

the cheese

4

fell

6

to the

ground so

7

the cat ate it.

ٌةَبِلاَط ْتَبَتَك

1

ىَلِإ ًةَلاَسِر

2

vاَهِتَقيِدَص

3

ْتَرَكَذ

4

: اَهيِف

(11) (a) katabat t

̇

a ̄libatun risa ̄latan

ila ̄ s

̇

adı-qati-ha ̄ d

̄

akarat fı--ha ̄:

A student wrote

1

a letter to

2

her girlfriend

3

saying (

4

in it):

5

ْدَقَل ِكِتَلاَسِر ىَلَع اًرْكُش

6

يِنْتَلَصَو

7

ِسْمَأ

8

ُتْمِلَعَو

9

vاَهْنِم

(b) sˇukran



ala ̄ risa ̄lati-ki la-qad was

̇

alat-nı

• 
  
  amsi wa-



alimtu min-ha ̄.

5

Thank you for your letter (which)

6

I received (lit.

6

has arrived to

me)

7

yesterday, and

8

I learned

9

from it ...

يف ِك َّنَأ

01

ِديِع

11

يِف ِتْبَهَذ ِكِدَلايِم

21

vِكِتَقيِدَص َعَم ٍةَلْحِر

(c)

anna-ki fı

• 
  ı
  
  
  • di mı
    
    
    • la ̄di-ki d
      ̄
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  

ahabti fı

• rih
  ̇

latin ma



a s

̇

adı

• qati-ki,

that on your

10,11

birthday you went with your girlfriend

12

on a trip,

اَنَأَو

31

ْدَق اًضْيَأ

41

ِكْيَلِإ ُتْثَعَب

51

َمْوَيْل

61

َةَّ يِدَه

71

ِديِع

81

. ِكِدَلايِم

(d) wa-

ana ̄

ayd

̇

an qad ba



at

̄

tu

ilay-ki l-yawma hadiyyata



ı

• di mı
  
  
  • la ̄di-ki.
  
  
  
  

and

15

today

13

I also

14

sent (to) you a

17

birthday (lit.

17

anniversary, festival

of

18

your birth)

16

present.

Separate

personal

pronouns

and suffix

pronouns

96