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Chapter 11

Conjunctions, prepositions

and the particle تى

ّ

َ َح h

̇

atta ̄

11.1 Some conjunctions and prepositions consist of only one con-

sonant with a short vowel. They are joined to the following word.

11.2 Conjunctions ُح ُرو ُف  ْل َع ْطـ ِف h

̇

uru ̄fu l-



at

̇

fi

The three conjunctions َو wa, َفـ... fa and مَُّث t
̄

umma are the most

commonly used coordinative conjunctions.

11.3 The conjunction َو ‘and’ should be joined to the following word

and repeated before every member (constituent) of a series of linked

words, e.g.

1

ٌُبـِلاـَطَو ُذاـَتـْسْ لأَو ُريِدُمـْل َجَرـَخ

2

اًعَم

h

̆

arag ̆a l-mudı

• ru wa-l-

usta ̄d

̄

u wa-t

̇

a ̄libun ma



an.

The rector and the professor and a student

1

went out

2

together.

1

(^) َلـَكَأ
2
(^) ُنوُب َّ زـل
3
(^) اًزـْبـُخ
4
(^) ًةَدـْبُزَو
5
(^) ًةـَنـْبـُجَو
6
اًضْيـَبَو


akala z-zabu ̄nu h
̆
ubzan wa-zubdatan wa-g ̆ubnatan wa-bayd
̇
an.
2
The customer
1
ate
3
bread
4
and butter
5
and cheese
6
and eggs.
Note: In English it is customary to add the conjunction ‘and’ only before the last
member of a series of coordinated words.
11.4 The conjunction َفـ... ‘then, and then’ is joined to the word
which follows it. It indicates an order or succession between actions or
states, e.g.