254 INDEXt-distribution, 84
E
Ellipse, 172
Expected frequencies, 150
Expected values, 150
Experiments, 7
F
F distribution, 119
Field trials, 9
Fisher’s exact test, 156
Fourths, 55
Frequency polygon, 44
Frequency table
construction, 38
relative, 40
G
Graphs
bar charts, 126
box plots, 61
distribution curve, 45
frequency polygon. 44
histograms, 41
pie charts, 126
stem and leaf, 36
H
Histograms, 41
Historical controls, 10
I
Incidence rate, 4
Influential points, 184
Intercept, 170
Interquartile range, 54
Interval data, 59
L
Level of evidence, 11,99
Linear interpolation, 68
Log transformation, 76
M
Mann-Whitney U test, 195
McNemar’s test, 156
Mean, 50
Meta-analysis, 8
Mode, 52
NNatural logarithm, 149
Nominal data, 58
Nonreponse, 3 1
Normal distribution
area, 65
determination if normal, 72
distribution of means, 70
properties, 64
shape, 64
table, 66
Normal probability plots, 72
Null hypothesis, 96
0
Observational study, 3
Observational units, 14
Odds ratios, 147
Ordered array. 36
Ordinal data, 58
Outliers, 54
Outliers in regression, 184
P
Pooled variance, 88, 118
Population, 14
Prevalence, 4
Proportions
bar graphs, 127
pie charts, 127
Prospective study, 9
Q
Quartiles, 55
Questionnaires, 29
R
Random numbers, 17
Range, 54
Ratio data, 59
Regression
assumptions, 173
assumptions fixed-X model, 181
calculations, 168
confidence interval correlation, 179
confidence intervals, 174
correlation, 177
correlation test, 179
covariance, 169
intercept, 170
interpretation, 170
least-squares line, 170
line, 168
outliers, 184
plotting line, 170
residuals, 170
scatter diagram, 166
slope, 169
standard error of estimates, 172