the texts themselves, which have been chosen from a wide variety of sources, both literary and
non-literary. It is also apparent in the analysis sections which focus first on the function rather
than the form of a given grammatical feature, and in the exercises which are predominantly text-
based. Grammar is thus presented not as an end in itself, but as a tool essential both to
understanding the authentic language of native speakers and to producing effective language of
one’s own. This book provides a first step towards acquiring grammatical competence in French,
but its best success will be if it encourages students to practise in their own wider reading and
exposure to spoken French the skills of observation, reflection and imitation which will enable
them to go on learning on their own.x Preface