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the mothers of each other’s child patients. Evarts and Savage studied
the mechanisms by which emotional disturbance and biochemical
processes led to identical psychopathology. Cardon and Goldstein
compared epinephrine and norepinephrine blood levels in response to
various types of stress. Schaeffer, Bell, and Parloff examined the relation
ship between parental attitudes and the personality development of their
children. Parloff, Boris Iflund, and Goldstein investigated the process
of communicating therapy values between therapist and schizophrenic
patients: specifically, the conditions associated with shifts in patient-
therapist concordance and awareness of each other’s treatment values.
Virgil Carlson and Ralph Ryan, an ophthalmologist at the NINDB,
studied perceptual learning. Goldstein, Marian Kies, and Evarts deter
mined the level of phenolic compounds in the spinal fluid of schizophre
nic patients at Spring Grove State Hospital in association with Leonard
Kurland at that institution. Goldstein and Kies determined the effects of
stress on antidiuretic activity of blood in normal controls and schizo
phrenic patients. Evarts and Savage described the effects of LSD on the
behavior of monkeys.
In my search for a laboratory chief in psychology, I consulted with
David Shakow for help in finding investigators in clinical and develop
mental areas. In the 1920s, the McCormick family, disheartened by the
lack of progress of a schizophrenic family member in conventional
therapy had consulted Walter Cannon, professor of physiology at
Harvard University, about establishing a research center devoted to the
development of an endocrine treatment for the illness. In its nineteen
years (1927-1946) of operation, the center, established at Worcester
State Hospital in Massachusetts, had made notable contributions both
to the study of schizophrenia and to the disciplines represented by its
staff. Shakow had been chief of psychology during that period. Seven
men suggested by Shakow as worthy candidates made individual visits
to the NIH; each of them was impressed by the setting and our plans
and assured us they would be watching our progress with interest but
not with their participation. Kety had been equally unsuccessful in find
ing a psychologist to head the basic research laboratory in psychology.
It was clear that Shakow had felt that psychology should be strongly