Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 15

Notes

1. Federal Security Agency, “PHS-SG History of the Public Health Service,
   Ch. 1, p. 1,” Folder: Organization of the PHS (History), Box 4: 1939-1973,
   WW Entry 2: Organizational Management 1937-1973, RG 90, NARA;
   Ralph Chester Williams, The United States Public Health Service, 1798-1950
   (Washington, D.C.: Commissioned Officers Association of the United States
   Public Health Service, 1951); Bess Furman, A Profile of the United States
   Public Health Service, 1798-1948 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of
   Health, Education, and Welfare, 1973); Fitzhugh Mullan, Plagues and
   Politics: The Story of the United States Public Health Service (New York: Basic
   Books, 1989).


2. See Alan Kraut, The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society,
   1880-1921 (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davison, 2001) and Alan Kraut,
   Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the “Immigrant Menace” (New York: Basic
   Books, 1994).


3. John Parascandola, “Background Report on the Organizational History of
   Mental Health and Substance Abuse Programs in the PHS,” (Public Health
   Service, September 1993), unpublished manuscript, 2; Mullan, Plagues
   and Politics.


4. Federal Security Agency, “PHS, What is the PHS? October 1945,” Folder:
   Historical Chronology in the Origin of the PHS and HSMHA, Box 5: 1955­
   1973, WW Entry 2: Organizational Management 1937-1973, RG 90, NARA.
   A Public Health Service Act signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on
   July 3, 1944, allowed scientists and nurses also to be commissioned. For a
   history of the Commissioned Corps, see Williams, USPHS, Mullan, Plagues
   and Politics, and Furman, Profile of the PHS.


5. 45 Stat. L. 1085.


6. Jeanne L. Brand, “Antecedents of the NIMH in the Public Health Service,”
   in An Historical Perspective on the National Institute of Mental Health (Pre­
   pared as sec. 1 of the NIMH Report to the Wooldridge Committee of the President’s
   Scientific Advisory Committee) Mimeograph, eds. Jeanne L. Brand and Philip
   Sapir (February 1964), 5; Parascandola, “Background Report,” 6. These farms
   were planned and designed largely by Lawrence Kolb, Superintendent of the
   Division of Mental Hygiene from 1938 to 1944. Mental Health Challenges:
   Past and Future. Proceedings of a Conference on the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary
   of the National Mental Health Act. June 28 and 29, 1971 (Washing­
   ton, D.C., 1971); Caroline J. Acker, Creating the American Junkie: Addiction
   Research in the Classic Era of Narcotic Control (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
   University Press, 2002); Furman, Profile of the PHS; Williams, USPHS,
   51-52, 335.


7. This later became the Addiction Research Center within the NIMH’s
   intramural basic research program.