HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 39joint laboratory of the program. During the 1950s, it would come to
have five sections, two of them within the NINDB and three within
the NIMH: Spinal Cord Physiology (NINDB, Karl Frank, Chief ), Special
Senses (NINDB, Ichiji Tasaki, Chief ), Cortical Integration (NIMH, John
C. Lilly, Chief ), Limbic Integration and Behavior (NIMH, Paul D.
MacLean, Chief ), and the Section of the Chief, under Marshall himself.^21
His laboratory focused on studying the function of the nervous system.
Sociologist John A. Clausen was a consultant in the Professional Services
Branch when Kety established the intramural program. When he joined
the program, the NIMH-supported Laboratory of Socio-Environmental
Studies was created to study social norms and how social influences affect
personality development, daily activities and relationships, and mentally
ill individuals. His laboratory would come to consist of four sections dur
ing the 1950s, three in the basic research program and one in the clinical
research program: Social Development and Family Studies (basic,
Marian R. Yarrow, Chief ), Community and Population Studies (basic,
Melvin L. Kohn, Chief ), Social Studies in Therapeutic Settings (clinical,
Morris Rosenberg, Chief ), and Clausen’s own Section of the Chief.^22
Alexander Rich was hired in August 1952 to head the NIMH-supported
Section on Physical Chemistry of the second joint laboratory of the
program, a Laboratory of Neurochemistry that studied the chemical
structure and metabolism of the nervous system. Because the NIH
Clinical Center was not yet built, his initial work was conducted at the
Gates and Crellin Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology.
Following the opening of the Clinical Center, Roscoe O. Brady joined the
laboratory as the NINDB-supported chief of the Section on Lipid
Chemistry. Kety was acting chief of this laboratory while he sought
someone to head it and in doing so maintained a Section of the Chief for
his own work.^23 When Rich left for MIT in 1958, he was succeeded
by Sidney Bernhard. No official chief was found for this laboratory until
the joint NIMH-NINDB intramural basic research program dissolved
in 1960 and each institute created its own laboratory.
The remaining laboratories were established when the NIH Clinical
Center opened on July 6, 1953, and as appointments were made.^24
Neuroembryologist William F. Windle arrived in January 1954 to head
the Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Sciences supported by the NINDB.