a suppression of these two abuses. And as the corruption had reached its climax in the papal chair,
the reformation had to begin at the head before it could reach the members. It was the work chiefly
of Hildebrand or Gregory VII., with whom the next period opens.
CHAPTER V.
THE CONFLICT OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN CHURCHES AND THEIR
SEPARATION.
§ 67. Sources and Literature.
The chief sources on the beginning of the controversy between Photius and Nicolas are in Mansi:
Conc. Tom. XV. and XVI.; in Harduin: Conc. Tom. V. Hergenröther: Monumenta Graeca ad
Photium ejusque historiam pertinentia. Regensb. 1869.
I. On the Greek Side:
Photius: jEgkuvklio" ejpistolhv etc. and especially his Lovgo" peri; th'" tou' aJgivou Pneuvmato"
mustagwgiva", etc. See Photii Opera omnia, ed. Migne. Paris, 1860–’61, 4 vols. (Patr. Gr. Tom.
CI.-CIV.) The Encycl. Letter is in Tom. II. 722–742; and his treatise on the mustagwgiva tou'
aJgivou Pneuvmato" in Tom. II. 279–391.
Later champions:
Caerularius, Nicetas Pectoratus, Theophylact (12th century). Euthymius Zigabenus, Phurnus,
Eustratius, and many others. In recent times Prokopovitch (1772), Zoernicav (1774, 2 vols.).
J. G. Pitzipios: L’Egl. orientale, sa séparation et sa réunion avec celle de Rome. Rome, 1855.
L’Orient. Les réformes de lempire byzantin. Paris, 1858.
A. N. Mouravieff (Russ.): Question religieuse d’Orient et d’Occident. Moscow, 1856.
Guettère: La papauté schismatique. Par. 1863.
A. Picheler: Gesch. d. kirchlichen Trennung zwischen dem Orient und Occident von den ersten
Anfängen his zur jüngsten Gegenwart. München, 1865, 2 Bde. The author was a Roman Catholic
(Privatdocent der Theol. in München) when he wrote this work, but blamed the West fully as
much as the East for the schism, and afterwards joined the Greek church in Russia.
Andronicos Dimitracopulos: Istori a tou sci mato. Lips. 1867. Also his Bi blioqh kh ekklhs. Lips.
1866.
Theodorus Lascaris Junior: De Processione Spiritus S. Oratio Apologetica. London and Jena, 1875.
II. On the Latin (Roman Catholic) Side:
Ratramnus (Contra Graecorum Opposita); Anselm of Canterbury (De Processione Spiritus S. 1098);
Petrus Chrysolanus (1112); Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), etc.
Leo Allatius (Allacci, a Greek of Chios, but converted to the Roman Church and guardian of the
Vatican library, d. 1669): De ecclesiae occident. atque orient. perpetua consensione. Cologne,
1648, 4to.; new ed. 1665 and 1694. Also his Graecia orthodoxa, 1659, 2 vols., new ed. by
Lämmer, Freib. i. B. 1864 sq.; and his special tracts on Purgatory (Rom. 1655), and on the
Procession of the Holy Spirit (Rom. 1658).
Maimburg: Hist. du schisme des Grecs. Paris, 1677, 4to.
Steph. de Altimura (Mich. le Quien): Panoplia contra schisma Graecorum. Par. 1718, 4to.
Michael le Quien (d. 1733): Oriens Christianus. Par. 1740, 3 vols. fol.
Abbé Jager: Histoire de Photius d’après les monuments originaux. 2nd ed. Par. 1845.