Jacob, in 1002, who preached against the corruptions in the Armenian church, but was branded,
exposed to public scorn, imprisoned, and at last killed by his enemies.^760
Little is known of the sect of the Athingians who appeared in Upper Phrygia.^761 They seem
to have been strongly Judaistic. They observed all the rites of the law except circumcision, for
which they substituted baptism. Neander conjectures, that they were the successors of the Colossian
errorists opposed by St. Paul.
§ 133. The New Manichaeans in the West.
I. The chief sources for the sects of the Middle Age belong to the next period, namely, the letters
of Pope Innocent III., Honorius III., Bernhard of Clairvaux, Peter the Venerable; the acts of
Councils; the chronicles; and the special writings against them, chiefly those of the Dominican
monk Reinerius Sacchoni of Lombardy (d. 1259), who was himself a heretic for seventeen
years. The sources are collected in the "Maxima Biblioth. Patr." (Lugd., 1677, Tom. XXII.,
XXIV.); in Martene and Durand’s "Thesaurus novus anecdotorum" (Par., 1682); in Muratori’s
"Rerum Italic. Scriptores" (Mediol., 1723 sqq.); in Bouquet’s "Recueil des historiens des Gaules
et de la France" (Par., 1738 sqq.), etc. See the Lit. in Hahn I. 23 sqq.
II. J. Conr. Fuesslin: Neue unparth. Kirchen-und Ketzerhistorie der mittleren Zeit. Frankf, 1770. 2
Parts.
Chr. U. Hahn: Geschichte der Ketzer im Mittelalter, besonders im 11., 12. und 13. Jahrh., nach den
Quellen bearbeitet. Stuttgart, 1845–’50, 3 vols. The first vol. contains the History of the New
Manichaeans.
C. Schmidt: Histoire et doctrine de la secte des Cathares. Paris, 1849, 2 vols.
Razki: Bogomili i Catareni. Agram, 1869.
Neander, III. 592–606. Gieseler, II. 234–239. Hardwick, p. 187–190. Robertson, II. 417–424.
The heretical sects in the West are chiefly of three distinct classes: 1) the dualistic or Manichaean;
2) the pantheistic and mystic; 3) the biblical (the Waldenses). Widely differing among themselves,
they were united in hatred of the papal church and the sacerdotal system. They arose from various
causes: the remains of heathen notions and older heresies; opposition to the corruptions of the
church and the clergy; the revolt of reason against tyrannical authority; and popular thirst for the
word of God. They spread with astonishing rapidity during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries from
Bulgaria to Spain, especially through Italy and Southern France, and called forth all the energies
of the papacy at the zenith of its power (under Innocent III.) for their forcible suppression. One
only survived the crusade, the Waldenses, owing to their faithful adherence to the positive truths
of the Scriptures.
In the West the heretical tendency in organized form made its first appearance during the
eleventh century, when the corruption of the church and the papacy had reached its height. It
(^760) See Tschamtschean’s "History of Armenia," used by Neander (from Petermann’s communications), III. 587-589.
761
́ γανοι, fromθιγγάνω, to touch, to handle; probably with reference to Col. 2:21,μὴ θίγη ς, touch not (things that
defile). The translator of Neander calls them Athinganians (III. 592).