improve environmental management.Producing Knowledge about
Conservation’s Actors
After the creation of the reserve, the NGOs
began putting together their staff, compiling
data on the vegetation, soils, rates of defor-
estation, and human-land relations, while
also establishing project goals. Project
directors, staff, and consultants tended to
be from the United States. Although few
Guatemalans served as consultants, several
individuals from the Petén were hired on-
staff. Through their research, NGOs pro-
duced knowledge that served as the foun-
dation for projects designed to accomplish
specific conservation goals.In this section, I examine how studies
define the primary actors appropriate to
forest conservation strategies, while omit-
ting or excluding other actors with stakes in
the reserve, including conservationists
themselves. As I illustrate, conservationist
discourses fixate on
peteneros and sureños.
This framing draws upon
a local/outsider binary,
which is correlated with
knowledge of the bio-
physical environment as
well as
appropriate/inappropri-
ate human-land relations.Conservationist discours-
es define petenerosas
members of communities
historically dependent
upon forest collecting; this category
includes ladino^16 urban-based families
whose positions of power are rooted in
colonial era, as well as 20thcentury settle-
ments of ladinoforest collectors. Prior to
the reserve’s creation, a study directed by
anthropologist James Nations estimated that
6,000 people in the northern Petén were
involved in collecting “renewable naturalresources from the tropical forest” including
chicle(gum or latex from Manilkara zapote),
xate(decorative palm fronds, Chamaedorea
elegans and C. oblongata), and allspice
(Pimienta dioica), worth 6 million US dollars
per year.^17 In subsequent proposals and
management plans, the extraction of natu-
ral resources from “natural ecosystems” is
framed as key to the success of the
reserve.^18Forest collecting is said to be a “traditional”
form of resource management and there-
fore an appropriate use within multiple use
zones. In addition, forest collecting is char-acterised as being inherently conservation-
ist. For instance, Nations’ study suggests
that harvesting non-timber forest products
“promote[s] conservation and sustained use
of the Petén tropical forest. Knowing that
their economic future lies in the sustained
use of xate,chicle, and allspice, families
who harvest these resources are strong pro-
moters of forest protection.”^19 In light of
such characterisations, petenerosare
framed as key to the reserve’s success,
which privileges them in relation to other
actors with stakes in the reserve’s natural
resources.Conservation aas ccultural aand ppolitical ppractice
Because tthey ppractice
slash aand bburn aagri-
culture, cconservation-
ist ddiscourses fframe
migrants aas tthe ppri-
mary ccause oof ddefor-
estation iin tthe rreserve,
to tthe eexclusion oof
other aactors ssuch aas
powerful ccattle rranch-
ers, lloggers, aand ooil
companies.
Figure 3.Cattle Ranching in Petén. (Courtesy Juanita
Sundberg)