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Notes
(^1) See, for instance, Croll and Parkin, 1992, Ingold, 1992.
(^2) Soper, 2001
(^3) Tsing, 1999
(^4) Haenn, 2002.
(^5) Haila, 1999.
(^6) Institutional or organisational ethnography is still very
much in its infancy, yet there are good examples of the
benefits to be had from understanding the culture of
organisations (Goldman 2001).
(^7) Conklin & Graham, 1995; Ellen & Bernstein, 1994.
(^8) Brokensha, Warren and Warner, 1980.
(^9) Richards, 1985.
(^10) Conklin & Graham, 1995; Zimmerman et al. 2001.
(^11) Note that I am assigning this simplification to an activist
community, and not to an indigenous community.
(^12) Alvesson, 1993; Walley, 2002; MacDonald, 2002.
(^13) Gezon, 2000.
(^14) Ingold, 1992.
(^15) See, for instance, Deb & Malhotra, 2001.
(^16) Posey, 1999.
(^17) See, for instance, Sharma et al,.1999; Castro and
Tibetts, 2001; Colding and Folke, 1997; Darlington, 1998;
Hamilton, 1993; Posey 1999.
(^18) But see Jepson and Canney, 2003.
(^19) Schama, 1995.
(^20) Baker, 1993.
(^21) For an exception to this see Morris, 1995.
(^22) See, for instance, Rival, 2002; Ranger, 1999.
(^23) Johnson Gottesfeld, 1994; MacDonald, 2004.
(^24) See, for instance, Infield, 2001; Kuriyan, 2002.
(^25) Chipeniuk, 1998.
(^26) Butz, 2002; Haenn, 2002.
(^27) Bowen-Jones & Entwistle, 2002. This notion of using cul-
ture as an instrument in the service of conservation (as
opposed to understanding ‘culture’ as a cultural product)
is increasingly common within the emerging field of con-
servation marketing (cf.,Pandey 2001, Johns 2003).
(^28) Ovieda and Maffi, 2000; Skutnabb-Kangas, Maffi, &
Harmon, 2003.
(^29) Harmon, 1995. See also the article by Harmon and Loh
and by Maffi in this issue of Policy Matters.
(^30) Anderson, 1997.
(^31) See, for instance, Leiber, 1994; Zerner, 1994; Ehgenter,
2000; Smith & Wishnie, 2000; Lu, 2001; Colchester,
2003.
(^32) See, for instance, Ostrom, 1993.
(^33) Marks, 2001; MacDonald, 2004 (in press).
(^34) See, for instance, Lewis, 1989.
(^35) Practice is the measured expression of the relationships
between the other elements of culture that I have listed
here
(^36) See, for instance, Sierra, 1999.
(^37) See, for instance, Gadgil, 1992, Gadgil and Berkes, 1997.
(^38) MacDonald, 2002.
(^39) See, for instance, Grove, 1993; Neumann, 2002;
Cinnamon, 2003.
(^40) See, for instance, Freeman, 1999.
(^41) Steedly, 1999.
(^42) See, for instance, Ellen & Bernstein, 1994.
(^43) Gezon, 2000; Redford and Taber, 2000; Pandey, 2003;
Thomas, 2003.