panoramic photographs
The specially shaped refl ective
optic is positioned directly in the
centre of the camera lens. The
camera is then carefully focused
(usually in macro mode) before
photographing the refl ected version
of the surrounding environment.
(a) Camera adapter.
(b) Panoramic optic.
(c) Optic positioned on a camera.- Image overlap
As you are photographing, ensure that the edges of
sequential images are overlapping by between 15 and
40%. The percentage of overlap that works best with
a specifi c stitching program can be usually found in
the Help fi les associated with the software. If you are
wanting to create a 360 degree view then the exact
number of images needed to complete the sweep of
the vista or the full circle will depend on the angle of
view of the lens as well as the amount of overlap that
you use.
A quick way of calculating the pictures needed for 30%
overlap is to count the number of images required to
complete a full 360 degree rotation with no overlap and
then multiply this value by 3. Or, alternatively, you can
use the recommendations detailed in the table aside as
a starting point for the number of overlapping portrait
images required to construct a 360 degree panorama.
Professional VR heads ensure overlap consistency
by placing ‘click-stops’ at regular points on the
circumference of the head. On many models this is a
variable feature that allows the photographer to change
the interval to suit different lenses and/or overlapping
amounts. Those on a more modest budget can mark
regular intervals on their tripod head using a protractor
or use the grid within the camera’s viewfi nder as a guide.
Focal length in mm
(35 mm equivalent)Number of Images
required for 360
degree panorama
14 12
18 12
20 12
24 18
28 18
35 20
42 24
50 28To evenly space sequential image capture
points and ensure consistent overlap some
companies produce panorama tripod heads
with a built-in ‘click-stop’ system.