NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see http://www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). An RDA is the average
daily dietary intake level; sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient scientific evidence
is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate an RDA, an AI is developed. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all healthy
individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 mg retinol, 12 mg b-carotene, 24 mg a-carotene, or 24 mg b-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas
the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE.
b As cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
d As a-tocopherol. a-Tocopherol includes RRR-a-tocopherol, the only form of a-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-a-tocopherol) that occur in
fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-a-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at
some of these stages.
h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food
folate from a varied diet.
j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—
the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid,Biotin, and Choline
(1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel,
Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via
http://www.nap.edu.Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage Vit A^ Vit C^ Vit D^ Vit E^ Vit K^ Thiamin^ Riboflavin^ Niacin^ Vit B^6 Folate^ Vit B^12 Pantothenic^ Biotin^ Cholineg
Group (μg/d)a (mg/d) (μg/d)b,c (mg/d) d (μg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)e (mg/d) (μg/d)f (μg/d) Acid (mg/d) (μg/d) (mg/d)Infants (^)
0 – 6 mo 400 40 1 5 4 2.0 0.2 0.3 2 0.1 65 0.4 1.7 5 125
7 – 12 mo 500 50 1 5 5 2.5 0.3 0.4 4 0.3 80 0.5 1.8 6 150
Children (^)
1 – 3 y 300 15 1 5^6 30^ 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 2^ 8^ 200^
4 – 8 y 400 25 1 5 7 55 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 3 12 250
Males (^)
9 – 13 y 600 45 1 5 11 60 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4 20 375
14 – 18 y 900 75 1 5 15 75 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5 25 550
19 – 30 y 900 90 1 5 15 12 0 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5 30 550
31 – 50 y 900 90 1 5 15 120 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5 30 550
51 – 70 y 900 90 15 15 120 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4i 5 30 550*
70 y 900 90 20 15 120 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4i 5 30 550
Females (^)
9 – 13 y 600 45 1 5 11 60 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4 20 375
14 – 18 y 700 65 1 5 15 75 1.0 1.0 14 1.2 400 i 2.4 5 25 400
19 – 30 y 700 75 1 5 15 90 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400 i 2.4 5 30 425
31 – 50 y 700 75 1 5 15 90 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400 i 2.4 5 30 425
51 – 70 y 700 75 15 15 90 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 (^400) 2.4h 5 30 425
70 y 700 75 20 15 90 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5 30 425
Pregnancy (^)
14 – 18 y 750 80 1 5 15 75 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600 j 2.6 6 30 450
19 – 30 y 770 85 1 5 15 90 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600 j 2.6 6 30 450
31 – 50 y 770 85 1 5 15 90 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600 j 2.6 6 30 450
Lactation (^)
14 – 18 y 1,200 115 1 5 19 75 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7 35 550
19 – 30 y 1,300 120 1 5 19 90 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7 35 550
31 – 50 1,30 0 120 1 5 19 90 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7 35 550*
Manual of Clinical Nutrition Management
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