has been made. It is believed that Hatshepsut’s corpse was
hidden from the Tuthmossid allies, and her mummified
liver was found in a quartzite box in 1881. A tomb found
in Wadi Siqqet Taga el-Zeid contains her crystalline lime-
stone SARCOPHAGUS, but there is no evidence of burial
there.
The famous “feud” between Hatshepsut and Tuthmo-
sis III has been exaggerated over the centuries. The
destruction of Hatshepsut’s images did not take place
until the 10th regnal year of Tuthmosis III, and the policy
was possibly an Amunite rejection of female rule. Hat-
shepsut’s own chapel depicts Tuthmosis III paying honors
to her as a deceased.
Suggested Readings:Greenblatt, Miriam. Hatshepsut and
Ancient Egypt. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2000;
Tyldesley, Joyce A. Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh.Lon-
don: Penguin, 1998; Whitman, Ruth. Hatshepsut, Speak to
Me.Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1992.
Hattusilis I (Labarnas II)(d. c. 1620 B.C.E.) Hittite
ruler and rival of Egypt
His name meant “Man of Hattusas.” He came to power c.
1650 B.C.E. during Egypt’s Second Intermediate Period
(1640–1550 B.C.E.). Hattusilis started his empire by con-
quering various states around Hattusas, the HITTITEcapi-
tal. During a battle at Aleppo, he received a fatal wound
and died. He was succeeded on the Hittite throne by his
grandson, MURSILIS I.
Hattusilis III (Khattushilish)(d. c. 1250 B.C.E.)Hit-
tite ruler and ally of Egypt in the Nineteenth Dynasty
He was a usurper who overthrew his nephew, Mursilus
III. Involved in wars with Assyria and Egypt, Hattusilis
III signed a treaty with RAMESSES II(r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.),
a document that included an EXTRADITIONclause. HITTITE
royal women were sent to Egypt as part of this treaty, and
Egyptian priest-physicians, respected throughout the
region, were provided to Hattusilis III. His wife was
Queen PEDUKHIPA, who carried out a long correspon-
dence with NEFERTARI, the consort of Ramesses II. MA’AT-
HORNEFRURÉ, probably the daughter of Hattusilis, married
Ramesses II.
See also BENTRESH STELA.
Haukhet A divine being, part of the OGDOAD of
HELIOPOLIS, involved in the cosmological traditions of
Egypt, Haukhet was depicted as a woman with the head
of a serpent. She was the consort of HEH, the deity of eter-
nity.
Hau-wereh See BAHR YUSEF.
Hawara This was a royal necropolis in the southern
region of the FAIYUMused by the Twelfth Dynasty. The
pyramidal complex of AMENEMHET III (r. 1844–1797
B.C.E.), a monument called the LABYRINTHthat served as
the MORTUARY TEMPLEof the PYRAMID, was erected on the
site. The temple reportedly contained 3,000 chambers
connected by winding passages, shafts, and corridors on
subterranean levels. The burial chamber was fashioned
out of a single piece of quartzite, estimated by HERODOTUS
(in Egypt c. 450 B.C.E.) as weighing several tons.
The Labyrinth had 12 covered courts, facing south
and north. Herodotus toured the upper and lower levels
and named the complex. All of the walls were decorated
with reliefs, and white marble pillars were used through-
out. No causeway or valley temple was erected. SOBEKNE-
FERU (r. 1787–1783 B.C.E.), a possible daughter of
Amenemhet III, completed the pyramid for her father.
Little remains of the structure. A nearby necropolis con-
tained wax portraits and graves dating to the later Greco-
Roman Periods.Hawawish This was the necropolis for the city of
AKHMIN, a site on the eastern shore of the Nile, opposite
modern Sohag. Old Kingdom (2575–2134 B.C.E.) and
Middle Kingdom (2040–1640 B.C.E.) rock-cut tombs
were discovered there.hawk A symbol of the incarnation of the Spirit of
Heaven in ancient Egypt, associated in most periods
with the god HORUS. The eyes of the hawk were viewed
as the sun and the moon, and the creature was deemed
the offspring of the god TEM(1). The hawk was wor-
shiped as a divine soul in Tema-en-Hor (modern
DAMANHUR) in Lower Egypt and in HIERAKONPOLISin
Upper Egypt.headrests The ancient Egyptian wooden or stone
form used as a pillow, the earliest surviving headrest
dates to the Third Dynasty (2649–2575 B.C.E.), although
they were used from the earliest times in the Nile Valley.
Pillows were not used in Egypt until the later dynastic
periods. The headrests, however, were sometimes pad-
ded for comfort, as were the formal chairs of court cere-
monies.Hearst Papyrus A medical document discovered in
DEIR EL-BALLAS, a Seventeenth Dynasty complex, several
miles north of THEBES, the text dates to the Seventeenth
(1640–1550 B.C.E.) or Eighteenth Dynasty (1550–1307
B.C.E.) and repeats much of what was found in the EBERS
PAPYRUS. A section on the treatment of injured bones is
especially interesting. Bites, ailments of the fingers, and
other medical matters were discussed in the document.
The Hearst Papyrus is now in the possession of the Uni-
versity of California at Berkeley.
See also MEDICINE; PER-ANKH.162 Hattusilis I