sboyet 355ern desert territories. Sard was used to make SCARABSand
plaques in the period of the New Kingdom (1550–1070
B.C.E.).
See also EGYPTIAN NATURAL RESOURCES.
Sardinians See SEA PEOPLES.
Sarenput(fl. 20th century B.C.E.) Military official of the
Twelfth Dynasty
He served SENWOSRET I(r. 1971–1926 B.C.E.) and AMEN-
EMHET II(r. 1929–1892 B.C.E.) as a mayor and then as a
commander of a southern frontier garrison. He also
served as the chief priest of the cults of the gods KHNUM
and SATET. Sarenput was buried at ASWANin an elaborate
tomb. The reliefs in his tomb depict him at a sports event,
fishing on the Nile, and walking with his favorite DOG.
Saru See GOVERNMENT; LEGAL SYSTEM.
Sasobek(fl. seventh century B.C.E.) Vizier of the Twenty-
sixth Dynasty
He served as a vizier for PSAMMETICHUS I(r. 664–610
B.C.E.). His administrative seat was in MEMPHIS. Sasobek’s
basalt sarcophagus depicts a stern and powerful man.
Satet (Satis) She was an Egyptian goddess hailed as
the “Mistress of the ELEPHANTINE.” Originally a goddess
of the hunt, Satet became patroness of the Nile River’s
inundations and was associated with the first cataract of
the Nile, south of ASWAN. SENWOSRET III(r. 1878–1841
B.C.E.) built a canal in her honor.
Satet’s cult dates to c. 2900 B.C.E. on Elephantine
Island. Her temple started as a rock niche there, assuming
magnificence over the centuries. Also called “She Who
Runs Like an Arrow,” Satet was a consort of the god
KHNUMand the mother of ANUKIS. She was worshiped as
the patroness of the southern frontier, the one who
“spread the life-giving waters of the Nile.” Upper Egypt
was sometimes called Ta-Satet, “the Land of Satet.”
Also associated with protecting the Egyptians in war,
Satet carried arrows to slay the nation’s enemies. The
PYRAMID TEXTSlist her as the purificator of the deceased,
and her name was found in the SAQQARAnecropolis. She
was portrayed as a woman wearing the white crown of
Upper Egypt and carrying a bow and arrows or an ankh.
In some depictions, the white crown on her head had
antelope horns extending on either side. She was also
shown wearing the vulture headdress, normally reserved
to queens who had given birth to heirs. Satet’s original
home was Sehel Island. She may originally have been a
Nubian goddess.
Satire on Trades A Middle Kingdom (2040–1640
B.C.E.) literary text also called “the Instruction of Dua-
Khety” (or Duaf), the text was discovered in the SALLIER
PAPYRUS II, ANASTASI PAPYRUS VII, and on OSTRAKAand
boards. The satire stresses the disadvantages of being
stone workers, farmers, carpenters, etc., especially when
compared to the life of a SCRIBE, which is called “the
path of the god,” a way of attaining honor, knowledge,
and rank. The Satire on Tradesis also listed as the “Hymn
of Praise of Learning.” It is attributed to one Achtoes,
composed for his son, Pepi. The extant versions may be
based on earlier renditions, and the work mentions a
pre-Middle Kingdom text that was used as a copying
exercise.
See also LITERATURE.Satirical Papyrus This is a document dating to the
Twentieth Dynasty (1196–1070 B.C.E.), a collection of
artistic works satirizing the state of the nation during the
reigns of the last Ramessid kings. Charming animals
demonstrate the peculiar reversal of roles taking place in
that particular era. A mouse is being shown pampered
and served by cats. A baby mouse is depicted in the arms
of a loving cat nurse. As the social order of the nation
eroded, the satirical drawings served as a warning and as
an incisive commentary on the breakdown of society. The
Satirical Papyrus is now in the Egyptian Museum in
Cairo.Satkamose(fl. 16th century B.C.E.)Royal woman of the
Eighteenth Dynasty
She was a consort of AMENHOTEP I(r. 1525–1504 B.C.E.)
but a secondary queen, as AH’HOTEP(2) was the Great
Wife. Satkamose did not give birth to the heir. She was
possibly the royal daughter of Sekenenré TA’O II and
Queen AH’HOTEP(1).Satrap Stela This monument was erected by PTOLEMY I
SOTER(r. 304–284 B.C.E.) in 311 B.C.E. to announce his
role in freeing Egypt from the Persian domination.
Ptolemy I linked his own name to a native Egyptian,
KHABABASH, who led a doomed insurrection against the
Persians in 338. Ptolemy I was the satrap, or governor, of
Egypt when he erected the STELA, serving ALEXANDER III
THE GREAT’s successors. In time he would assume the
throne in his own right.
See also REBELS OF EGYPT.sboyet This was the ancient Egyptian term for litera-
ture as an instructional or reforming instrument. Didactic
texts come under this description, the instructions,
adages, or admonitions of sages in the various historical
periods. Such writings played an important role in the
moral and social development of the nation. The sboyet
were revered and copied by the scribes of each new gen-
eration on the Nile, never considered irrelevant.
See also “TIME OF THE GODS.”