Tut’ankhamun 413to the paradise. The mortuary text used in the tombs
describes Osiris as “He Who Is In The Tuat.” The Seven
Arits, supernatural beings who could also number as
many as 12, guarded the gates. There were also 12 circles
that had to be descended by all making the journey. Upon
nearing paradise, the dead were bathed in and then
absorbed by a radiant light.
Tudhaliyas IV (Tudkhaliash)(d. c. 1220 B.C.E.) King
of the Hittites and an ally of Egypt
He was in power during the reign of RAMESSES II
(1290–1224 B.C.E.). The son of Khatusilis, Tudhaliyas IV
ruled from c. 1250 to 1220 B.C.E. Tudhaliyas IV main-
tained peace with Egypt during his reign, despite occa-
sional clashes over control of vassal city-states. The
ASSYRIANSthreatened the HITTITESin the east, and small
western states were making raids and incursions upon
the region.
Tumas It was a site on the Nile located some 150 miles
south of ASWAN in NUBIA(modern Sudan). PEPI I (r.
2289–2255 B.C.E.) celebrated a victory over the Nubians
at Tumas, probably a battle won by General WENIin the
ruler’s name. An inscription on the local rocks commem-
orated the event.
Tuna el-Gebel A site in the desert west of HERMOPO-
LIS(modern el-Ashmunien), serving as the northwest
boundary of the capital of AKHENATEN(r. 1353–1335
B.C.E.) at ’AMARNA, Tuna el-Gebel was a necropolis,
sacred to the god THOTH. The site was popular in
the later historical periods of Egypt. A STELAdepict-
ing Akhenaten, Queen NEFERTITI, and three daughters
was discovered at Tuna el-Gebel. Persian papyri from
the Second Persian Period (343–332 B.C.E.) were also
found, as well as many tombs, containing mummi-
fied IBISES and dog-headed BABOONS. The tomb of
PETOSIRIS, serving PHILIP III ARRHIDAEUS (r. 333–316
B.C.E.) is a treasure on the site. This tomb was built as
a temple, with a columned vestibule, pillars, cultic
chambers, and elaborate reliefs. An ancient waterworks
with a deep shaft and catacombs are also located in Tuna
el-Gebel.
Tureh, el- (Tura, Trozia, Troja) A limestone
QUARRY that was part of the MOKATTEM Hills in the
southern region of modern Cairo, Tureh was used for
limestone as early as the Old Kingdom Period
(2575–2134 B.C.E.). A Sixth Dynasty (2323–2150 B.C.E.)
inscription mentions a sarcophagus fashioned out of
Tureh limestone by order of a pharaoh. The Tureh
Inscription, dated to the reign of AMENEMHET III
(1844–1797 B.C.E.), designates the reopening of the
quarry for temple projects. Tureh limestone was prized
for its fine quality.
Turin Canon This is the finest chronological list of
Egyptian rulers, preserved on a papyrus in the Egyptian
Museum of Turin. The papyrus is composed of 12 pages,
formed as a roll, and the list begins with AHA(Menes)
and ends with RAMESSES II(r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.). Written
in the hieratic style, the document was first assessed by
Champollion le Jeune. The king of Sardinia owned the
Turin papyrus and donated it to the museum. Sent in a
crate, the papyrus arrived in crumpled fragments but was
reconstructed into the existing document. The 12 pages
each contain 26 to 30 names of Egypt’s rulers.Turin Mining Papyrus This is a document dated to
the reign of RAMESSES IV(1163–1156 B.C.E.) and consid-
ered the world’s earliest geological map. Now in Turin,
Italy, the Turin Mining Papyrus depicts the WADI HAMMA-
MATand the Fawakir gold mines in use in that era.
Ramesses IV sent expeditions there during his reign.Tushratta(fl. 14th century B.C.E.) Last independent
ruler of the Mitanni Empire
He was in power in the reign of AMENHOTEP III
(1391–1353 B.C.E.). Tushratta, an ally of Egypt, sent
Amenhotep III a statue of the goddess Ishtar in order to
heal the pharaoh from an illness. Tushratta also asked for
a sign of Amenhotep’s good will, preferring gold, which
he wrote was “as plentiful as dust” in Egypt.Tut’ankhamun (Nebkhepruré)(d. 1323 B.C.E.)Twelfth
ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the most famous
pharaoh of Egypt
He reigned from 1333 B.C.E. until his untimely death. The
most popular pharaoh in modern times because of the
discovery of his tomb, he was probably the son of AKHEN-
ATEN. As the successor of SMENKHARÉ, he was only eight
or nine at his succession. He was married to ANKHESENA-
MON, the third daughter of NEFERTITIand Akhenaten, and
for a time the young couple remained at ’AMARNA. Then
they moved to MEMPHISand refurbished the apartments
of AMENHOTEP IIIat THEBESfor their use. He had aban-
doned his ATENname by his fourth regnal year.
The RESTORATION STELA, which dates to this period,
gives an account of Tut’ankhamun’s efforts to stabilize
the government and to restore the temples and cultic
rites of the old gods of Egypt after the ’Amarna period.
He even subsidized new priests and the palace staff from
his own pocket. It is believed that AYA(2)was one of his
counselors at the time, and he probably suggested the
reform measures. Tut’ankhamun had been given the
name Tut’ankhaten, but assumed his new name as part of
the restoration of the old ways. He also moved some of
the bodies of the royal family from ’Amarna to Thebes, as
evidenced by a cache of royal jewelry apparently stolen
during the reburial and then hidden in the royal wadi
area.