Period (304–30 B.C.E.) and later eras. A catacomb area is
also part of this burial site.
Anhai Papyrus This is one of the most elaborately
illustrated papyri of the BOOK OF THE DEAD, the ancient
Egyptian mortuary texts that evolved over the centuries.
Discovered in THEBES, the work depicts the rites of burial
and the judgments of the dead. The Anhai Papyrus mea-
sures 14 feet, six inches and is now in the British
Museum, London.
See also TOMB TEXTS.
Anhur Agod of ancient Egypt, called Onouris by the
Greeks, his name meant “the Sky-Bearer,” and he was
worshiped in conjunction with the god SHU, another solar
deity. The lion goddess Mehit was the consort of Anhur.
Anhur was believed to be the warrior aspect of Ré, but he
also represented the creative aspects of humans. He was
portrayed as a muscular man with an embroidered robe
and a headdress of four plumes. Sometimes he had a
beard and carried a spear. He was particularly popular in
the New Kingdom Period (1550–1070 B.C.E.), when he
was addressed as “the Savior” because of his martial pow-
ers and his solar connection. Mock battles were con-
ducted at his festival, and he was a patron against
enemies and pests. Anhur remained popular in later eras,
after the fall of the New Kingdom, especially in ABYDOS.
He was also honored at THINIS.NECTANEBO II(r. 360–343
B.C.E.) built a temple for Anhur and in later eras the god
was called “the Lord of the Lance.” He then was por-
trayed as an avenger of the god Ré.
Ani An obscure deity of Egypt, a form of KHONS(1),
the moon god, Ani was worshiped in the early periods of
the nation, following unification c. 3000 B.C.E. His con-
sort was the goddess Anit.
Aniba The site of a New Kingdom (1550–1070 B.C.E.)
FORTRESS, located between the first and second cataracts
in NUBIA, or Kush (modern Sudan), the fort was origi-
nally surrounded by three walls and contained the
remains of a temple and storage facilities dating to the
Middle Kingdom (2040–1640 B.C.E.). The newer struc-
tures date to the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550–1307 B.C.E.).
A necropolis near Aniba was used for New Kingdom
tombs and pyramids. Rock chapels were discovered on
the western shore of the Nile, opposite the site, as well as
an ancient cemetery plot. In one era, Aniba served as the
administrative center for the region. HUY(1),the viceroy
of Kush, serving TUT’ANKHAMUN(r. 1333–1323 B.C.E.),
resided at Aniba.
Ani Papyrus A document that is one of the surviving
BOOKS OF THE DEAD, written for a man named Ani, it mea-
sures 178 feet, three inches and contains mortuary texts
from the New Kingdom (1550–1070 B.C.E.). The Ani
Papyrus is noted for its illustrations and its tales and leg-
ends, some of which are included in other available
papyri of that nature. The LITANY OF OSIRISand a treatise
on the origins of the gods and the union of RÉand Osiris
distinguish the papyrus as well. A feature of the Ani
Papyrus is a section that contains the opinions of the var-
ious priestly colleges in existence in the New Kingdom.
See also MORTUARY RITUALS;TOMB TEXTS.ankh The symbol of eternal life in ancient Egypt,
as well as the word for physical life, the ankhresembled
a cross with a loop at the top and represented eternity
when positioned in the hands of deities. The symbol
dates to the establishment of the cults of the deities
ISISand OSIRISin the Early Dynastic Period (2920–2575
B.C.E.). The original meaning of the symbol was lost
in later periods, but it remained a constant hiero-
glyphic insignia for life. The ankhwas used in rituals,
especially in those involving the royal cults, and it had
special significance when used in various temple cere-
monies.
See also AMULET;ETERNITY.Ankhefenmut(fl. 11th century B.C.E.)Prince of the
Twenty-first Dynasty
He was the son of PSUSENNES I(r. 1040–992 B.C.E.) and
Queen MUTNODJMET(2) but did not succeed his father,
perhaps because he was a younger son or died early.
Ankhefenmut’s tomb was prepared for him by Psusennes I
in southernTANIS.Ankhesenamon (Ankhesenpa’aten)(fl. 14th century
B.C.E.)Royal woman of the Eighteenth Dynasty
A daughter of AKHENATEN (r. 1353–1335 B.C.E.) and
Queen NEFERTITI, she was born to the royal family in the
city of ’AMARNA. Ankhesenamon was married to
TUT’ANKHAMUNand became queen when he succeeded
SMENKHARÉin 1333 B.C.E. The royal couple ruled only 10
years. Tut’ankhamun was eight years old when he took
the throne and Ankhesenamon was 13. At ’Amarna she
was called Ankhesenpa’aten. During her marriage to
Tut’ankhamun, she gave birth to two stillborn babies who
were buried with the young pharaoh.
Perhaps fearful of the priests and the growing power
of HOREMHAB, a general of the armies who had stirred
opposition to ’Amarna and the worship of the god ATEN,
Ankhesenamon took a drastic step when Tut’ankhamun
died. She wrote to King SUPPILULIUMAS Iof the HITTITES,
an emerging power on the northern Mediterranean, offer-
ing herself and the throne to one of his royal sons. A
prince, ZANNANZA, set out for Egypt and the wedding but
was murdered at the border of Egypt.38 Anhai Papyrus