Fazzini, Richard, James F. Romano, and Madeleine E.
Cody. Art for Eternity: Masterworks from Ancient Egypt.
New York: Scala Books, 1999; Malek, J. Egyptian Art.New
York: Phaidon Press, 1999; Robins, Gay. The Art of
Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
2000; Smith, William Stevenson, and William Kelly
Simpson. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt.New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999; Stevenson
Smith, W., rev. by W. Simpson. Art and Architecture of
Ancient Egypt.New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press,
1998; Tierney, Tom. Ancient Egyptian Fashions.Mineola,
N.Y.: Dover, 1999; Wilkinson, Richard H., and Richard
Wilk. Symbol & Magic in Egyptian Art.New York: Thames
&Hudson, 1999.
Artatama(fl. 14th century B.C.E.) Mitanni ruler allied to
Egypt
He was the head of the MITANNIstate during the reign of
TUTHMOSIS IV(1401–1391 B.C.E.), living in Washukanni,
the capital, in northern Syria. Tuthmosis IV wrote to
Artatama seven times, asking for the hand of his daughter.
Such a marriage would cement relations and strengthen
the alliance in the face of the growing HITTITEempire.
Tuthmosis IV’s pact with Artatama would have serious
repercussions in the Ramessid Period because the Hittites
overcame the Mittanis and viewed Egypt as an enemy.
Artavasdes III(d. 34 B.C.E.) King of Armenia executed
Arelief depicting Cleopatra VII
The son and successor of Tigranes the Great, Artavasdes
was an ally of Rome. He had supported MarcANTONY
until the Parthians, enemies of Rome under Orodes I,
invaded Armenia. Artavasdes then gave his sister to
Pacorus, Orodes’ son. In 36 B.C.E., Marc Antony invaded
Armenia and captured Artavasdes. The king was sent to
ALEXANDRIA, where CLEOPATRA VII(51–30 B.C.E.) ordered
his death.
Artaxerxes I (Macrocheir)(d. 424 B.C.E.)Fourth ruler
of the Twenty-seventh Dynasty
A Persian of the royal Achaemenid line, he reigned from
465 B.C.E. until his death. Called “the Long Handed,”
Artaxerxes was the son of XERXES Iand Queen AMESTRIS.
He was raised to the throne when ARTABANUSmurdered
Xerxes I. To revenge his father, Artaxerxes slew Artabanus
in hand-to-hand combat. A brother rebelled against
Artaxerxes and was defeated just before an Egyptian,
INAROS, rose up on the Nile and killed General
ACHAEMENES, Artaxerxes I’s uncle and a beloved Persian
general.
General MEGABYZUSwas sent to Egypt to halt Inaros’s
revolt and to restore Persian control. Inaros was executed
and Megabyzus protested this punishment as a blot on
his personal code of honor. Artaxerxes I, however, was
not unpopular in Egypt because he was generous to vari-
ous native groups. He completed a vast memorial throne
chamber in Persepolis, his capital, before he died at Susa.
Hewas buried in Nagh-e-Rostam.Artaxerxes II(c. 358 B.C.E.)Persian ruler who tried to
regain Egypt
He made this attempt in the reign of NECTANEBO II
(360–343 B.C.E.). Artaxerxes II was the successor of DAR-
IUS IIand the father of ARTAXERXES III OCHUS. He led two
expeditions against Egypt but could not reclaim the
region because of Nectanebo II’s strong defenses. Artax-
erxes ruled Persia from 404 to 359/358 B.C.E.Artaxerxes III Ochus(d. 338 B.C.E.)Persian ruler who
subjugated Egypt and started the Second Persian War
(343–332 B.C.E.)
He attacked the Nile Valley originally in the reign of
NECTANEBO II(360–343 B.C.E.). The successor of ARTAX-
ERXES II, he put relatives to death when he inherited the
throne and was described by contemporaries as cruel and
energetic. His first attempt at regaining Egypt took place
in 351 B.C.E., but Egyptian defenses held, and Phoenicia
and Cyprus distracted him by rebelling.
Artaxerxes III met Nectanebo II on the Nile in 343,
winning the Battle of PELUSIUM. He ravaged the northern
part of the land and killed the sacred APISbull with his
own hands in vengeance against Egyptian resistance.
Artaxerxes III returned to Persia and was poisoned with
most of his children by the eunuch official of the court,
BAGOAS, in 338 B.C.E. His wife, Atossa, survived, and her
son, ARSES, inherited the throne.Artemidorus(fl. first century B.C.E.) Greek geographer
who was in Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Period
He wrote 11 books describing voyages to Spain, France,
and Mediterranean coastal areas. Artemidorus also tried
to measure the inhabited areas of the world but was
unaware of longitudinal designations and other geo-
graphic data.Artystone(fl. fifth century B.C.E.)Royal woman of Persia
She was the queen of DARIUS I(521–486 B.C.E.), the ruler
of Egypt in the Twenty-seventh Dynasty. Artystone,
reportedly Darius I’s favorite wife, entertained him at the
festival of the New Year in 503 B.C.E. She was provided
with 200 sheep and 2,000 gallons of wine for the occa-
sion. Artystone bore Darius I two sons.Aryandes(fl. sixth century B.C.E.) Persian satrap, or
governor, of Egypt
He was appointed to this office by the Persian ruler CAM-
BYSES(525–522 B.C.E.). Aryandes followed the advice of
one Ujahoresne, a priest of the goddess NEITH(1) who
became a counselor and a chief of protocol in Egypt.Aryandes 55