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THOMAS R. HEFFINGTONALIENATION
Since 1964, many commentators have been speak-
ing of a crisis of confidence in the United States, a
malaise marked by widespread public belief that
major institutions—businesses, labor unions, and
especially the government, political parties, and
political leaders—are unresponsive, remote, inef-
fective, and not to be trusted (Lipset and Schneider
1983). Alienation became the catchword for these
sentiments, detected among discontented work-
ers, angry youth, and militant minority groups.
American leaders concerned about the increase in
alienation found new relevance in ongoing discus-
sions among sociologists and other social scien-
tists, who have defined alienation, used survey
research to measure the level of alienation in
society, and have debated the causes, significance,
and consequences of alienation and particularly,
political alienation.