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See Parental Roles; Socialization.CHINA STUDIES
The sociological study of China has a complex
history. It could be argued that Confucian thought
embodied a native tradition of sociological think-
ing about such things as the family, bureaucracy,
and deviant behavior. However, modern Chinese
sociology initially had foreign origins and inspira-
tion. The appearance of the field in China might
be dated from the translation of parts of Herbert
Spencer’s The Study of Sociology into Chinese in- The earliest sociology courses and depart-
ments in China were established in private, mis-
sionary colleges, and Western sociologists such as
D. H. Kulp, J. S. Burgess, and Sidney Gamble
played central roles in initiating sociology courses
and research programs within China (see Wong 1979).
The Chinese Sociological Association was es-
tablished in 1930, and in the following two dec-
ades a process of Sinification progressed. Chinese
sociologists, trained both at home and in the West,
emerged. Sociology courses and departments be-
gan to proliferate in government-run, public col-
leges. Increasingly, texts using material from Chi-
nese towns and villages displaced ones that focused
on Chicago gangs and the assimilation of Polish
immigrants into America. As this process of set-
ting down domestic roots continued, Chinese soci-
ology developed some distinctive contours. Inspi-
ration for the field came as much from British
social anthropology as from sociology. The crisis
atmosphere of the 1930s and 1940s fostered a
strong emphasis on applied, problem-solving re-
search. As a result of these developments, Chinese
sociology in those years came to include what in
the United States might be considered social an-
thropology and social work. Within these broad
contours, Chinese sociologists/anthropologists pro-
duced some of the finest early ethnographies of