Encyclopedia of Sociology

(Marcin) #1
COUNTERCULTURES

and changes [by their opposition to dominant
culture]. As Yinger (1977, p. 850) noted, ‘‘Eve-
ry society gets the countercultures it deserves,
for they do not simply contradict, they also ex-
press the situation from which they emerge....
Countercultures borrow from the dominant cul-
ture even as they oppose it.’’


(SEE ALSO: Alternative Lifestyles; Social Movements; Student
Movements)


REFERENCES


Adler, Nathan 1972 The Underground Stream: New Life
Styles and the Antinomian Personality. New York: Harper.


Baron, Stephen W. 1997 ‘‘Canadian Male Street Skinheads:
Street Gang or Street Terrorists?’’ Canadian Review of
Sociology and Anthropology 34:151–174.


Berger, Bennett 1981 The Survival of a Counterculture.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.


Brake, Michael 1985 Comparative Youth Culture: The
Sociology of Youth Culture and Subcultures in America,
Britain, and Canada. London: Routledge.


Coates, James 1987 Armed and Dangerous. New York:
Hill and Wang.


Davis, Fred 1971 On Youth Subcultures: The Hippie Vari-
ant. New York: General Learning Press.


Douglas, Jack D. 1970 Youth in Turmoil. Chevy Chase,
Md.: National Institute of Mental Health.


Erikson, Erik 1968 Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York:
W. W. Norton.


Flacks, Richard 1971 Youth and Social Change. Chicago:
Markham.


Fox, Kathryn J. 1987 ‘‘Real Punks and Pretenders: The
Social Organization of a Counterculture.’’ Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography 16:344–370.


Hamm, Mark 1993 American Skinheads. Westport, Conn.:
Praeger.


Hebdige, Dick 1981 Subcultures: The Meaning of Style.
New York: Methuen.


Irwin, John 1970 ‘‘Notes on the Present Status of the
Concept Subculture.’’ In D.O. Arnold, ed., The Soci-
ology of Subcultures. Berkeley, Calif.: Glendessary Press.


Judah, J. Stillson 1974 Hare Krishna and the Countercul-
ture. New York: Wiley.


Keniston, Kenneth 1971 Youth and Dissent: The Rise of a
New Opposition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.


Kriesi, Hanspeter, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Dyvendak,
and Marco G. Giugni 1995 New Social Movements in


Western Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minneso-
ta Press.
Lange, Jonathan I. 1990 ‘‘Refusal to Compromise: The
Case of Earth First!’’ Western Journal of Communica-
tion 54:473–494.
Mitchell, Richard n.d. Dancing at Armageddon: Dooms-
day and Survivalists in America. Unpublished paper,
Oregon State University.
——— 1991 ‘‘Secrecy and Disclosure in Fieldwork.’’ In
W. Shaffir and R. Stebbins, eds., Experiencing Field-
work. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
Peterson, Richard G. 1984 ‘‘Preparing for Apocalypse:
Survivalist Strategies.’’ Free Inquiry in Creative Sociolo-
gy 12:44–46.
Reich, Charles A. 1970 The Greening of America. New
York: Random House.
Rochford, E. Burke 1985 Hare Krishna in America. New
Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Roszak, Theodore 1969 The Making of a Counter Culture.
New York: Doubleday.
——— 1995 ‘‘Introduction to the 1995 Edition.’’ In
Theodore Roszak The Making of a Counter Culture.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Rothchild, John, and Susan Berns Wolf 1976 The Child-
ren of the Counter-Culture. New York: Doubleday.
Saliba, John A. Understanding New Religious Movements.
Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Press.
Short, Brant 1991 ‘‘Earth First! And the Rhetorics of
Moral Confrontation.’’ Communication Studies 42:172–
198.
Spates, James L. 1976 ‘‘Counterculture and Dominant
Culture Values: A Cross-National Analysis of the
Underground Press and Dominant Culture Maga-
zines.’’ American Sociological Review 41:868–883.
Street, J. 1986 Rebel Rock: The Politics of Popular Music.
Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Thornton, Sarah 1997 ‘‘General Introduction.’’ In Ken
Gelder and Sarah Thornton, eds., The Subcultures
Reader. London: Routledge.
Tipton, Steven M. 1982 Getting Saved from the Sixties.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Turner, Ralph 1976 ‘‘The Real Self: From Institutions to
Impulse.’’ American Journal of Sociology 81:989–1016.
Williams, Rhys H. ‘‘Politics, Religion and the Analysis of
Culture.’’ Theory and Society 25:883–900.
Wuthnow, Robert 1976 The Consciousness Revolution.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Yinger, J. Milton 1960 ‘‘Contraculture and Subculture.’’
American Sociological Review 25: 625–635.
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