CRIME RATESBiderman, Albert D., and James P. Lynch 1991 Under-
standing Crime Incidence Statistics: Why the UCR Di-
verges From the NCS. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Black, Donald J. 1970 ‘‘The Production of Crime Rates.’’
American Sociological Review 35:733–748.
Cantor, David, and Lawrence E. Cohen 1980 ‘‘Compar-
ing Measures of Homicide Trends: Methodological
and Substantive Differences in Vital Statistics and
Uniform Crime Report Time Series (1935–1975).’’
Social Science Research 9:121–145.
Chambliss, William J. 1984 ‘‘Crime Rates and Crime
Myths.’’ In William J. Chambliss, ed., Criminal Law in
Action. New York: John Wiley.
Defleur, Lois B. 1975 ‘‘Biasing Influences on Drug
Arrest Records: Implications for Deviance Research.’’
American Sociological Review 40:88–103.
Elliott, Delbert S., and Suzanne S. Ageton 1980 ‘‘Recon-
ciling Race and Class Differences in Self-Reported
and Official Estimates of Delinquency.’’ American
Sociological Review 45:95–110.
———, David Huizinga, Brian A. Knowles, and Rachelle
J. Canter 1983 The Prevalence and Incidence of Delin-
quent Behavior: 1976–1980: National Estimates of Delin-
quent Behavior by Sex, Race, Social Class and Other
Selected Variables. Boulder, Colo.: Behavioral Research
Institute.
Federal Bureau of Investigation 1985 Uniform Crime
Reporting Handbook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office.
——— 1991 Crime in the United States—1990. Washing-
ton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
——— 1998 Crime in the United States—1997. Washing-
ton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Gove, Walter R., Michael Hughes, and Michael Geerken
1985 ‘‘Are Uniform Crime Reports a Valid Indicator
of the Index Crimes? An Affirmative Answer with
Minor Qualifications.’’ Criminology 23:451–491.
Hindelang, Michael J. 1978 ‘‘Race and Involvement in
Common Law Personal Crimes.’’ American Sociologi-
cal Review 43:93–109.
——— 1979 ‘‘Sex Differences in Criminal Activity.’’
Social Problems 27:143–156.
———, Travis Hirschi, and Joseph G. Weis 1979 ‘‘Cor-
relates of Delinquency: The Illusion of Discrepancy
Between Self-Report and Official Measures.’’ Ameri-
can Sociological Review 44:995–1014.
Langan, Patrick A., and David Farrington 1998 Crime
and Justice in the United States and In England and
Wales, 1981– 96. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department
of Justice.
McCleary, Richard, Barbara C. Nienstedt, and James M.
Erven 1982 ‘‘Uniform Crime Reports as Organiza-
tional Outcomes: Three Time Series Experiments.’’
Social Problems 29:361–372.
Nelson, James F. 1978 ‘‘Alternative Measures of Crime: A
Comparison of the Uniform Crime Report and the Nation-
al Crime Survey in 26 American Cities.’’ Presented at
the American Society of Criminology, Dallas, Tex.
——— 1979 ‘‘Implications for the Ecological Study of
Crime: A Research Note.’’ In William H. Parsonage,
ed., Perspectives on Victimology. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
O’Brien, Robert M. 1985 Crime and Victimization Data.
Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
——— 1986 ‘‘Rare Events, Sample Size, and Statistical
Problems in the Analysis of NCS (National Crime
Survey) City Surveys.’’ Journal of Criminal Justice
14:441–448.
——— 1996 ‘‘Police Productivity and Crime Rates:
1973–1992.’’ Criminology 34:183–207.
——— 2000 ‘‘Crime and Victimization Data.’’ In Joseph
F. Sheley, ed., Criminology. New York: Wadsworth.
———, David Shichor, and David L. Decker 1980 ‘‘An
Empirical Comparison of the Validity of UCR and
NCS Crime Rates.’’ Sociological Quarterly 21:301–401.
Selke, William L., and Harold E. Pepinsky 1982 ‘‘The
Politics of Police Reporting in Indianapolis, 1948–
1978.’’ Law and Human Behavior 6:327–347.
Sellin, Thorsten 1931 ‘‘The Bias of a Crime Index’’
Journal of the Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology
22:335–356.
Sheley, Joseph F., and John J. Hanlon 1978 ‘‘Unintend-
ed Effects of Police Decisions to Actively Enforce
Laws: Implications for Analysis of Crime Trends.’’
Contemporary Crises 2:265–275.
Short, James F., and F. Ivan Nye 1957 ‘‘Reported Behav-
ior as a Criterion of Deviant Behavior.’’ Social Prob-
lems 5:207–213.
——— 1958 ‘‘Extent of Unrecorded Juvenile Delin-
quency: Tentative Conclusions.’’ Journal of Criminal
Law and Criminology 49:296–302.
Skogan, Wesley G. 1976 ‘‘Crime and Crime Rates.’’ In
Wesley G. Skogan, ed., Sample Surveys of the Victims of
Crime. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Smith, Douglas A., and Christy A. Visher 1981 ‘‘Street
Level Justice: Situational Determinants of Police Ar-
rest Decisions.’’ Social Problems 29:167–177.
Turner, Anthony G. 1972 The San Jose Methods Test of
Known Crime Victims. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office. National Criminal Justice
Information and Statistics Service, Law Enforcement
Assistance Administration.