Encyclopedia of Sociology

CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS

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Angeles: University of California Press.

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versity of Minnesota Press.

Fromm, Erich 1941 Escape from Freedom. New York: Avon.

Giroux, Henry A. 1988 Schooling and the Struggle for
Public Life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Habermas, Jurgen 1996 Between Facts and Norms: Contri-
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Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.

——— 1989 The Structural Transformation of the Public
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——— 1987 The Theory of Communicative Action II:
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——— 1971 Knowledge and Human Interests. Boston:
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——— 1970 Toward a Rational Society. Boston: Bea-
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Haug, W. F. 1986 Critique of Commodity Aesthetics. Minne-
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Held, David 1980 Introduction to Critical Theory. Berke-
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Horkheimer, Max 1972 Critical Theory: Selected Essays.
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———, and Theodor Adorno (1947) 1972 Dialectic of
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——— 1973 The Dialectical Imagination. Boston: Lit-
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——— 1990a ‘‘Critical Theory and the Crisis of Social

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——— 1990b Television and the Crisis of Democracy. Boul-

der, Colo.: Westview Press.

Kelly, Joan 1979 ‘‘The Doubled Vision of Feminist

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Laclau, Ernesto, and Chantal Mouffe 1985 Hegemony

and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic

Politics. London: Verso.

Lasch, Christopher 1977 Haven in a Heartless World.

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Lukacs, Georg (1923) 1971 History and Class Conscious-

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Marcuse, Herbert 1964 One-Dimensional Man. Boston:

Beacon Press.

——— 1955 Eros and Civilization. Boston: Beacon Press.

——— 1941 Reason and Revolution. New York: Oxford

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Sennett, Richard, and Jonathan Cobb 1973 The Hidden

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DWIGHT B. BILLINGS

PATRICIA JENNINGS

CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS

Cross-cultural research has a long history in soci-

ology (Armer and Grimshaw 1973; Kohn 1989;

Miller-Loessi 1995). It most generally involves so-

cial research across societies or ethnic and subcultural

groups within a society. Because a discussion of

macro-level comparative historical research ap-

pears in another chapter of this encyclopedia, the

focus here is primarily on cross-cultural analysis of

social psychological processes. These include com-

municative and interactive processes within social

institutions and more generally the relation be-

tween the individual and society and its institutions.

Although all sociological research is seen as

comparative in nature, comparisons across