Encyclopedia of Sociology

(Marcin) #1
CROWDS AND RIOTS

REFERENCES


Allport, Floyd H. 1924 Social Psychology. Boston: Hough-
ton Mifflin.


Bergesen, Albert 1980 ‘‘Official Violence During the
Watts, Newark, and Detroit Race Riots of the 1960s.’’
In Pat Lauderdale, ed., A Political Analysis of Deviance.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.


———, and Max Herman 1998 ‘‘Immigration, Race,
and Riot: The 1992 Los Angeles Uprising.’’ American
Sociological Review 63:39–54.


Berk, Richard 1974 ‘‘A Gaming Approach to Crowd
Behavior.’’ American Sociological Review 39:355–373.


———, and Howard Aldrich 1972 ‘‘Patterns of Vandal-
ism During Civil Disorders as an Indicator of Selec-
tion of Targets.’’ American Sociological Review 37:533–547.


Blumer, Herbert 1951 ‘‘Collective Behavior.’’ In Alfred
McClung Lee, ed., Principles of Sociology. New York:
Barnes and Noble.


Coleman, James S. 1990 Foundations of Social Theory.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.


Della Porta, Donatella, and Herbert Reiter (eds.) 1998
Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in
Western Democracies. Minneapolis: University of Min-
nesota Press.


Dollard, John, Leonard Doob, Neal Miller, Herbert
Mowrer, and Robert Sears 1939 Frustration and Ag-
gression. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.


Eisinger, Peter 1973 ‘‘The Conditions of Protest Behav-
ior in American Cities.’’ American Political Science
Review 67:11–28.


Fogelson, Robert M. 1971 Violence as Protest: A Study of
Riots and Ghettos. New York: Doubleday.


Freud, Sigmund 1921 Group Psychology and Analysis of the
Ego. London: International Psychoanalytical Press.


Gamson, William 1990 The Strategy of Social Protest,
2nd ed., rev. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey.


Granovetter, Mark 1978 ‘‘Threshold Models of Col-
lective Behavior.’’ American Journal of Sociology
83:1420–1443.


Janowitz, Morris 1979 ‘‘Collective Racial Violence: A
Contemporary History.’’ In Hugh Davis Graham and
Ted Gurr, eds., Violence in America: Historical and
Comparative Perspectives, rev. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.


Johnson, Norris R., and William E. Feinberg 1990 ‘‘Am-
biguity and Crowds: Results From A Computer Simula-
tion Model.’’ Research in Social Movements, Conflict
and Change 12:35–66.


Kerner, Otto 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commis-
sion on Civil Disorders. New York: E.P. Dutton.


Kritzer, Herbert M. 1977 ‘‘Political Protest and Political
Violence: A Nonrecursive Causal Model.’’ Social For-
ces 55:630–640.
LeBon, Gustave (1895) 1960 The Crowd: A Study of the
Popular Mind. New York: Viking Press.
Lewis, Jerry 1982 ‘‘Fan Violence: An American Social
Problem.’’ Research on Social Problems and Public Poli-
cy 2:175–206.
Lofland, John 1981 ‘‘Collective Behavior: The Elemen-
tary Forms.’’ In Morris Rosenberg and Ralph Turne,
eds., Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives. New
York: Basic Books.
MacCannell, Dean 1973 ‘‘Nonviolent Action as Thea-
ter.’’ Nonviolent Action Research Project Series No.
10, Haverford College Center for Nonviolent Con-
flict Resolution, Haverford, Pa.
Marx, Gary 1972 ‘‘Issueless Riots.’’ In James F. Short
and Marvin E. Wolfgang, eds., Collective Violence.
Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
McPhail, Clark 1994 ‘‘The Dark Side of Purpose: Indi-
vidual and Collective Violence in Riots.’’ Sociological
Quarterly 35:1–32.
——— 1991 The Myth of the Madding Crowd. New York:
Aldine de Gruyter.
———, and David L. Miller 1973 ‘‘The Assembling
Process: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination.’’
American Sociological Review 38:721–735.
McPhail, Clark, and Ronald T. Wohlstein 1983 ‘‘Indi-
vidual and Collective Behaviors Within Gatherings,
Demonstrations, and Riots.’’ Annual Review of Sociolo-
gy 9:579–600.
Myers, Daniel J. 1997 ‘‘Racial Rioting in the 1960s: An
Event History Analysis of Local Conditions.’’ Ameri-
can Sociological Review 62:94–112.
Olzak, Susan, Suzanne Shanahan, and Elizabeth H.
McEneaney 1996 ‘‘Poverty, Segregation, and Race
Riots: 1960–1993.’’ American Sociological Review
61:590–613.
Porter, Bruce, and Marvin Dunn 1984 The Miami Riot of
1980: Crossing the Bounds. Lexington, Mass.: Lexing-
ton Books.
Ouarantelli, Enrico L., and Russell Dynes 1968 ‘‘Loot-
ing in Civil Disorders: An Index of Social Change.’’
In Louis Masotti and Don R. Bowen, eds., Riots and
Rebellion. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
Smelser, Neil 1963 Theory of Collective Behavior. New
York: Free Press.
Snow, David A., and Leon Anderson 1985 ‘‘Field Meth-
ods and Conceptual Advances in Crowd Research.’’
Paper presented at Conference on Research Meth-
ods in Collective Behavior and Social Movements,
Free download pdf