Coyle, E.F., Hamilton, M.T., González-Alonso, J.,
Montain, S.J. & Ivy, J.L. (1991) Carbohydrate metabo-
lism during intense exercise when hyperglycemic.
Journal of Applied Physiology 70 , 834–840.
Davis, J.M., Bailey, S.P., Woods, J.A., Galiano, F.J.,
Hamilton, M.T. & Bartoli, W.P. (1992) Effects of carbo-
hydrate feedings on plasma free tryptophan and
branched-chain amino acids during prolonged
cycling.European Journal of Applied Physiology 65 ,
513–519.
Davis, J.M., Jackson, D.A., Broadwell, M.S., Queary, J.L.
& Lambert, C.L. (1997) Carbohydrate drinks delay
fatigue during intermittent, high-intensity cycling in
active men and women.International Journal of Sport
Nutrition 7 , 261–273.
De Glisezinski, I., Harant, I., Crampes, F., Trudeau, F.,
Felez, A., Cottet-Emard, J.M., Garrigues, M. &
Riviere, D. (1998) Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on
adipose tissue lipolysis during long-lasting exercise
in trained men.Journal of Applied Physiology 84 ,
1627–1632.
Duchman, S.M., Ryan, A.J., Schedl, H.P., Summers,
R.W., Bleiler, T.L. & Gisolfi, C.V. (1997) Upper limit
for intestinal absorption of a dilute glucose solution
in men at rest.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exer-
cise 29 , 482–488.
Erikson, M.A., Schwarzkopf, R.J. & McKenzie, R.D.
(1987) Effects of caffeine, fructose, and glucose inges-
tion on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19 , 579–
583.
Fielding, R.A., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J., King, D.S.,
Hargreaves, M. & Kovaleski, J.E. (1985) Effect of
carbohydrate feeding frequencies and dosage on
muscle glycogen use during exercise.Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise 17 , 472–476.
Flynn, M.G., Costill, D.L., Hawley, J.A., Fink, W.J.,
Neufer, P.D., Fielding, R.A. & Sleeper, M.D. (1987)
Influence of selected carbohydrate drinks on cycling
performance and glycogen use.Medicine and Science
in Sports and Exercise 19 , 37–40.
Gordon, B., Kohn, L.A., Levine, S.A., de Matton, M.M.,
Scriver, W. & Whiting, W.B. (1925) Sugar content of
the blood in runners following a marathon race. With
especial reference to the prevention of hypogly-
caemia: further observations.Journal of the American
Medical Association 85 , 508–509.
Hargreaves, M. & Briggs, C.A. (1988) Effect of carbohy-
drate ingestion on exercise metabolism.Journal of
Applied Physiology 65 , 1553–1555.
Hargreaves, M., Costill, D.L., Coggan, A., Fink, W.J. &
Nishibata, I. (1984) Effect of carbohydrate feedings
on muscle glycogen utilization and exercise perfor-
mance.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16 ,
219–222.
Hargreaves, M., McConell, G.K. & Proietto, J. (1995)
Influence of muscle glycogen on glycogenolysis and
glucose uptake during exercise.Journal of Applied
Physiology 78 , 288–292.
Hawley, J.A., Dennis, S.C. & Noakes, T.D. (1992) Oxida-
tion of carbohydrate ingested during prolonged
endurance exercise.Sports Medicine 14 , 27–42.
Hawley, J.A., Bosch, A.N., Weltan, S.M., Dennis, S.C. &
Noakes, T.D. (1994) Glucose kinetics during pro-
longed exercise in euglycemic and hyperglycemic
subjects.Pflügers Archives 426 , 378–386.
Hermansen, L., Hultman, E. & Saltin, B. (1967) Muscle
glycogen during prolonged severe exercise.Acta
Physiologica Scandinavica 71 , 129–139.
Horowitz, J.F., Mora-Rodríguez, R., Byerley, L.O. &
Coyle, E.F. (1998) Carbohydrate ingestion during
exercise reduces fat oxidation when glucose uptake
increases.FASEB Journal 10 , A143.
Howlett, K., Angus, D., Proietto, J. & Hargreaves, M.
(1998) Effect of increased blood glucose availability
on glucose kinetics during exercise.Journal of Applied
Physiology 84 , 1413–1417.
Jeukendrup, A., Saris, W.H.M., Brouns, F. & Kester,
A.D.M. (1996) A new validated endurance perfor-
mance test.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
28 , 266–270.
Jeukendrup, A., Brouns, F., Wagenmakers, A.J.M. &
Saris, W.H.M. (1997) Carbohydrate-electrolyte feed-
ings improve 1h time trial cycling performance.
International Journal of Sports Medicine 18 , 125–129.
Jeukendrup, A., Raben, A., Gijsen, A., Stegen, J.H.C.H.,
Brouns, F., Saris, W.H.M. & Wagenmakers, A.J.M.
(1999) Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in
highly trained subjects: effect of glucose ingestion.
Journal of Physiology 515 , 579–589.
Kuipers, H., Keizer, H.A., Brouns, F. & Saris, W.H.M.
(1987) Carbohydrate feeding and glycogen synthesis
during exercise in man.Pflügers Archives 410 , 652–
656.
Leijssen, D.P.C., Saris, W.H.M., Jeukendrup, A.E. &
Wagenamakers, A.J.M. (1995) Oxidation of exoge-
nous [^13 C]galactose and [^13 C]glucose during exer-
cise.Journal of Applied Physiology 79 , 720–725.
Lugo, M., Sherman, W.M., Wimer, G.S. & Garleb, K.
(1993) Metabolic responses when different forms of
carbohydrate energy are consumed during cycling.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3 , 398–407.
McConell, G.K., Fabris, S., Proietto, J. & Hargreaves, M.
(1994) Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on glucose
kinetics during exercise.Journal of Applied Physiology
77 , 1537–1541.
McConell, G., Kloot, K. & Hargreaves, M. (1996) Effect
of timing of carbohydrate ingestion on endurance
exercise performance.Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise 28 , 1300–1304.
Mason, W.L., McConell, G. & Hargreaves, M. (1993)
Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise: liquid