NUTRITION IN SPORT

(Martin Jones) #1

experimental data that have been collected. As a
result, it is likely that a definite answer to the
question of the optimal quantities of protein nec-
essary for athletes must await the arrival of
more definitive measures to assess protein
requirements. Until that time, it appears that the
increased protein needs (perhaps 50–125% of
the current recommended intakes in many coun-
tries) can be met via appropriate food selections
without consuming expensive protein supple-
ments. Finally, few data exist to support the fan-
tastic performance effects frequently attributed
to extremely high protein diets and this is an area
that needs much more attention.


Acknowledgements

The ongoing support of the author ’s laboratory
by the Joe Weider Foundation is gratefully
acknowledged.


References

Adolf, E.F. (ed.) (1947) Physiology of Man in the Desert.
Interscience, New York.
Allen, L.H., Oddoye, E.A. & Margen, S. (1979) Protein-
induced hypercalciuria: a longer term study.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 , 741–749.
Armstrong, R.B., Ogilivie, R.W. & Schwane, J.A. (1983)
Eccentric exercise-induced injury in rat skeletal
muscle.Journal of Applied Physiology 54 , 80–93.
Åstrand, P.-O. & Rodahl, K. (1977) Textbook of Work
Physiology. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Austin, J.H., Stillman, E. & Van Slyke, D.D. (1921)
Factors governing the excretion of urea. Journal of
Biological Chemistry 46 , 91–112.
Babij, P., Matthews, S.M. & Rennie, M.J. (1983) Changes
in blood ammonia, lactate and amino acids in rela-
tion to workload during bicycle ergometer exercise
in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 50 ,
405–411.
Bauman, A. (1995) The epidemiology of heat stroke
and associated thermoregulatory disorders. In
Exercise and Thermoregulation(ed. J.R. Sutton, M.W.
Thompson and M.E. Torode), pp. 203–208. The
University of Sydney, Sydney.
Belcastro, A.N. (1993) Skeletal muscle calcium-
activated neutral protease (calpain) with exercise.
Journal of Applied Physiology 74 , 1381–1386.
Belcastro, A.N., Albisser, T.A. & Littlejohn, B. (1996)
Role of calcium-activated neutral protease (calpain)


with diet and exercise. Canadian Journal of Applied
Physiology 21 , 328–346.
Benevenga, N.J. & Steele, R.D. (1984) Adverse effects of
excessive consumption of amino acids. Annual
Review of Nutrition 4 , 157–181.
Bhasin, S., Storer, T.W., Berman, N.et al.(1996) The
effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on
muscle size and strength in normal men. New
England Journal of Medicine 335 , 1–7.
Bigard, A.X., Laviet, P., Ullmann, L., Legrand, H.,
Douce, P. & Guezennec, C.Y. (1996) Branched-
chain amino acid supplementation during repeated
prolonged skiing exercises at altitude. International
Journal of Sports Nutrition 6 , 295–306.
Bingham, S. & Cummings, J.H. (1983) The use of
4-aminobenzoic acid as a marker to validate com-
pleteness of 24 h urine collections in man. Clinical
Science 64 , 629–635.
Biolo, G., Maggi, S.P., Williams, B.D., Tipton, K.D. &
Wolfe, R.R. (1995) Increased rates of muscle protein
turnover and amino acid transport after resistance
exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology
268 , E514–E520.
Blomstrand, E., Hackmen, P., Kebob, B. & Newsholme,
E.A. (1991) Administration of branched-chain amino
acids during prolonged exercise effects on perfor-
mance and on plasma concentration of some amino
acids.European Journal of Applied Physiology 63 , 83–
88.
Brenner, B.M., Meter, T.W. & Hosteler, D. (1982) Protein
intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease:
the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular
sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal
disease.New England Journal of Medicine 307 , 652–
657.
Brodan, V., Kuhn, E., Pechar, J., Placer, Z. & Slabochova,
Z. (1974) Effects of sodium glutamate infusion on
ammonia formation during intense physical exer-
cise.Nutrition Reports International 9 , 223–232.
Brouns, F., Saris, W.H.M., Beckers, E.et al. (1989)
Metabolic changes induced by sustained exhaustive
cycling and diet manipulation. International Journal of
Sports Medicine 10 (Suppl. 1), S49–S62.
Bucci, L.R., Hickson, J.F., Pivarnik, J.M., Wolinsky, I.,
McMahon, J.S. & Turner, S.D. (1990) Ornithine inges-
tion and growth hormone release in bodybuilders.
Nutrition Research 10 , 239–245.
Butterfield, G.E. (1991) Amino acids and high protein
diets. In Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports
Medicine.Vol. 4. Ergogenics: The Enhancement of
Exercise and Sport Performance(ed. M. William & D.
Lamb), pp. 87–122. Benchmark Press, Indianapolis,
IN.
Campbell, W.W., Crim, M.C., Young, V.R., Joseph, L.J. &
Evans, W.J. (1995) Effects of resistance training
and dietary protein intake on protein metabolism

effects of exercise on protein metabolism 147

Free download pdf