Ergogenics: Enhancement of Performance in Exercise and
Sport(ed. D. Lamb & M. Williams), pp. 123–182.
Brown and Benchmark, Indianapolis, IN.
Coleman, E. & Nelson Steen, S. (1996) The Ultimate
Sports Nutrition Handbook. Bull Publishing, Palo Alto,
CA.
DiPalma, J. & Thayer, S. (1991) Use of niacin as a drug.
Annual Review of Nutrition 11 , 169–187.
Greenhaff, P. (1995) Creatine and its application as an
ergogenic aid. International Journal of Sports Nutrition
5 (Suppl.), S100–S110.
Grunewald, K. & Bailey, R. (1993) Commercially mar-
keted supplements for body building athletes. Sports
Medicine 15 , 90–103.
Haymes, E. (1991) Vitamin and mineral supplement-
ation to athletes. International Journal of Sports
Nutrition 1 , 146–169.
International Olympic Committee (1995) Medical Code.
International Olympic Committee, Lausanne.
Kanter, M. & Williams, M. (1995) Antioxidants, carni-
tine, choline as putative ergogenic aids. International
Journal of Sports Nutrition 5 (Suppl.), S120–S131.
Lamb, D. & Brodowicz, G. (1986) Optimal use of fluids
of varying formulations to minimise exercise-
induced disturbances in homeostasis. Sports Medi-
cine 3 , 247–274.
Lemon, P. (1995) Do athletes need more dietary protein
and amino acids? International Journal of Sports Nutri-
tion 5 (Suppl.), S39–S61.
Maughan, R. (1991) Carbohydrate–electrolyte solu-
tions during prolonged exercise. In Perspectives in
Exercise Science and Sports Medicine. Vol. 4. Ergogenics:
Enhancement of Performance in Exercise and Sport(ed.
D. Lamb & M. Williams), pp. 35–86. Brown and
Benchmark, Indianapolis, IN.
Maughan, R., Shirreffs, S., Galloway, D. & Leiper, J.
(1995) Dehydration and fluid replacement in sport
and exercise. Sports, Exercise, and Injury 1 , 148–153.
Murray, R. (1987) The effects of consuming carbohy-
drate–electrolyte beverages on gastric emptying and
fluid absorption during and following exercise.
Sports Medicine 4 , 322–351.
National Research Council (1989) Recommended Dietary
Allowances, 10th edn. National Academy Press,
Washington, DC.
Rangachari, P. & Mierson, S. (1995) A checklist to help
students analyze published articles in basic medical
sciences.American Journal of Physiology 268 , 13.
Rosenbloom, C., Millard-Stafford, M. & Lathrop, J.
(1992) Contemporary ergogenic aids used by
strength/power athletes. Journal of the American
Dietetic Association 92 , 1264–1266.
Sherman, W. & Lamb, D. (1995) Introduction. Interna-
tional Journal of Sports Nutrition 5 (Suppl.), Siii–Siv.
Sobal, J. & Marquart, L. (1994) Vitamin/mineral sup-
plement use among athletes: a review of the litera-
ture. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 4 ,
320–334.
Williams, M. (1984) Vitamin and mineral supplements
to athletes: do they help? Clinics in Sports Medicine 3 ,
623–637.
Williams, M. (1994) The use of nutritional ergogenic
aids in sports: is it an ethical issue? International
Journal of Sports Nutrition 4 , 120–131.