nutritional problems outlined in this chapter.
Alternating between high and lower volume
training days, allowing adequate time between
intense practices for muscle glycogen recovery,
618 sport-specific nutrition
educating swimmers and their parents about
general nutritional principles and specific nutri-
tional problems of their sport are all ways swim-
ming coaches can help assure that nutrition
supports the efforts of these dedicated athletes
instead of limiting their performance.References
Barr, S.I. & Costill, D.L. (1992) Effect of increased train-
ing volume on nutrient intake of male collegiate
swimmers.International Journal of Sports Medicine 13 ,
47–51.
Barr, S.I., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J. & Thomas, R. (1991)
Effect of increased training volume on blood lipids
and lipoproteins in male collegiate swimmers.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23 , 795–800.
Berning, J.R., Troup, J.P., Van Handel, P.J., Daniels, J. &
Daniels, N. (1991) The nutritional habits of young
adolescent swimmers. International Journal of Sport
Nutrition 1 , 240–248.
Brigham, D.E., Beard, J.L., Krimmel, R.S. & Kenney,
W.L. (1993) Changes in iron status during competi-
tive season in female collegiate swimmers. Nutrition
9 , 418–422.
Burke, L.M. & Read, R.S.D. (1993) Dietary supplements
in sport. Sports Medicine 15 , 43–65.
Cavanaugh, D.J. & Musch, K.I. (1989) Arm and leg
power of elite swimmers increase after taper as mea-
sured by Biokinetic variable resistance machines.
Journal of Swimming Research 5 , 7–10.
Coggan, A.R. & Coyle, E.F. (1987) Reversal of fatigue
during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infu-
sion or ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology 63 ,
2388–2395.
Coggan, A.R. & Coyle, E.F. (1988) Effect of carbohy-
drate feedings during high-intensity exercise. Journal
of Applied Physiology 65 , 1703–1709.
Costill, D.L. & Miller, J.M. (1980) Nutrition for
endurance sport: carbohydrate and fluid balance.
International Journal of Sports Medicine 1 , 2–14.
Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J., Hargreaves, M., King, D.S. &
Thomas, R. (1985a) Metabolic characteristics of
skeletal muscle during detraining from competitive
swimming.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
17 , 339–343.
Costill, D.L., King, D.S., Thomas, R. & Hargreaves, M.
(1985b) Effects of reduced training on muscular
power in swimmers. Physician and Sportsmedicine 13 ,
94–101.
Costill, D.L., Rayfield, R., Kirwan, J. & Thomas, R.
(1986) A computer based system for the measure-
ment of force and power during front crawl swim-
ming.Journal of Swimming Research 2 , 16–19.95
90
85
80
75
70
65282420164800460044001413(^12012)
Time (weeks)
RBC (10
3 .ml
–1
)
Haemoglobin (g
.dl
–1
)
Ferritin (
μg
–1.l
)
Serum iron (
μg
.dl
–1
)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
012
012
012
Fig. 46.4Iron status and haematology of female
competitive swimmers taking either placebo () or
150 mg iron supplement () daily during 12 weeks of
swim training. Adapted from Walsh and McNaughton
(1989).